Kiswahili Note 05
说过去,和说不。
Saying the past, and saying no.
这一周的四块板:Note 01 那张时态表终于进了真句子;被动式第一次出场,而且是在"我出生于"这个最常用的地方;否定式的六个前缀被摆在 -jambo 旁边,露出它们本来就是同一张表;火车的第三节车厢挂上了。还有年份、序数词、连着用三次的连接词,和一个新的语气。
Four boards this week. The tense table from Note 01 finally gets real sentences; the passive appears for the first time, and does so inside the most useful sentence there is — I was born; the six negative prefixes are set beside -jambo, revealing that they were always the same table; and the third carriage of the train is coupled on. Also years, ordinals, a connector used three times in a row, and a new mood.
One
三行并排。
Three lines, side by side.
黑板上只写了三行,同一个人称,三个不同的时间。
Three lines on the board, one person, three times.
Mimi ninatoka ____.
我来自 ____。 · I come from ____.
Mimi nilizaliwa ____.
我出生于 ____。 · I was born in ____.
Mimi nitalala jioni.
我晚上睡。 · I will sleep in the evening.
Note 01 第四节给过那张时态标记表,但当时它是孤立的,没有句子挂上去。这三行就是它的证明:人称前缀不变,词根不变,变的只有第二个音节。
Note 01 §4 gave the table of tense markers, but it stood alone with no sentences attached. These three lines are the proof: the subject prefix holds, the root holds, and only the second syllable changes.
| 拆开 / Parts | 动词 / Verb | 时态 / Tense | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ni + na + toka | ninatoka | 现在 present | 我来自 |
| ni + li + zaliwa | nilizaliwa | 过去 past | 我出生于 |
| ni + ta + lala | nitalala | 将来 future | 我将睡 |
黑板上第三行有一处划改的痕迹:ni-na-lala 被改成 ni-ta-lala。那不是写错,是现场演示——把第二节车厢换掉,整句的时间就变了。 · The third line on the board carries a correction: ni-na-lala struck through and rewritten as ni-ta-lala. Not a slip — a demonstration. Swap the second carriage and the sentence changes time.
Two
Nilizaliwa:被动式。
The passive arrives.
黑板右边单独写了一个词根:zaa,生、生育。旁边那个 nilizaliwa 就是从它来的。
Written off to the side of the board, on its own: zaa, to bear, to give birth. Nilizaliwa comes from it.
ni – li – zali – w – a
我 — 过去 — 生 — 被 — 词尾。我被生下来。 · I — past — bear — passive — ending.
那个 -w- 就是 Note 01 第四节讲过的被动后缀。当时给的例子是 ita → itwa(叫 → 被叫)、penda → pendwa(爱 → 被爱),并且解释了为什么 Unaitwa nani? 字面是"你被叫作谁"。现在它出现在一个每天都用得上的地方。
That -w- is the passive suffix from Note 01 §4. The examples there were ita → itwa and penda → pendwa, and the point was that Unaitwa nani? literally asks you are called who. Here it turns up somewhere you need every week.
| 主动 / Active | 被动 / Passive | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| zaa | zaliwa | 生 → 被生 bear → be born |
| ita | itwa | 叫 → 被叫 call → be called |
| penda | pendwa | 爱 → 被爱 love → be loved |
| jaali | jaaliwa | 恩准 → 蒙准 grant → be granted |
整句用起来:
In use:
| Swahili | 中文 | English |
|---|---|---|
| Nilizaliwa Jixi. | 我出生在鸡西。 | I was born in Jixi. |
| Alizaliwa mwaka gani? | 他哪年出生的? | What year was he born? |
| Tulizaliwa Uchina. | 我们出生在中国。 | We were born in China. |
斯瓦希里语没有"出生"这个主动动词——出生这件事在语法上必然是被动的,你是被生下来的那一方。这跟英语的 be born 一致,跟中文的"出生"不一致。 · There is no active verb for being born. Grammatically you are always the one it was done to — as in English, unlike Chinese.
Three
垫片 ku。
Why alikuja, not alija.
A: Je, ulikuja chuo kikuu mwaka gani?
B: Mimi nilikuja chuo kikuu mwaka wa ____.
A: Rafiki yako alikuja chuo kikuu mwaka gani?
B: Yeye alikuja chuo kikuu mwaka wa ____.
你哪一年上的大学?——我 ____ 年。——你朋友哪一年?——他 ____ 年。
What year did you come to university? — I came in ____. — And your friend? — ____.
这里有一件看起来像例外的事。Note 03 学过 kuja(来),其中 ku- 是不定式前缀,第 15 类。按火车模型,上了车之后 ku- 该让位给人称和时态,变成 a-li-ja。但黑板写的是 alikuja,ku 还在。
Something here looks like an exception. Note 03 had kuja, where ku- is the class 15 infinitive prefix. On the train, ku- should give way to the subject and tense carriages, giving a-li-ja. The board says alikuja. The ku is still there.
原因是 Note 01 第二节那条重音规则:重音永远落在倒数第二个音节。-ja 只有一个音节,a-li-ja 的重音会落在 li 上——那是时态标记,不该被重读。所以语言把不定式的 ku 留下来当垫片,凑出一个音节,让重音落到它上面:a-li-ku-ja。
The reason is the stress rule from Note 01 §2: stress falls on the second-to-last syllable, always. -ja is one syllable, so in a-li-ja the stress would land on li — the tense marker, which should not carry it. So the infinitive ku stays on as a spacer and takes the stress itself: a-li-ku-ja.
| 词根 / Root | 不定式 / Infinitive | 过去 / Past | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| -ja | kuja | alikuja | 来 come |
| -la | kula | alikula | 吃 eat |
| -fa | kufa | alikufa | 死 die |
| -nywa | kunywa | alikunywa | 喝 drink |
| -enda | kwenda | alikwenda | 去 go |
| -soma | kusoma | alisoma | 读——两个音节,不需要垫片 two syllables, no spacer |
Note 01 词汇表里的 Nilikula yai jana(我昨天吃了鸡蛋)当时是当例句给的,现在能解释了:-la 是单音节,所以是 nilikula 而不是 nilila。 · Nilikula yai jana appeared in Note 01 as an example sentence. It can now be explained.
Four
年份与序数词。
Years and ordinals.
mwaka wa ____ the year of ____
说年份要用连接词。Mwaka(年,单数)是第 3 类,第 3 类的 -a 是 wa。
Years take the connector. Mwaka is class 3, and the class 3 form of -a is wa.
| Swahili | 中文 |
|---|---|
| mwaka wa elfu mbili na ishirini na mbili | 2022 年 |
| mwaka wa elfu mbili na ishirini na sita | 2026 年 |
| mwaka wa elfu moja, mia tisa, tisini na nne | 1994 年 |
口语里年份也常逐位念:mwaka wa mbili sifuri mbili mbili(二〇二二)。正式说法是上面那种加法串。 · Spoken, years are often read digit by digit. The additive form above is the formal one.
Kwa shahada ya kwanza for a first degree
黑板底下补了两行:
| Swahili | 中文 | English |
|---|---|---|
| Kwa shahada ya kwanza | 读本科(第一个学位) | for a first degree |
| Kwa shahada ya pili | 读硕士(第二个学位) | for a second degree |
Shahada 在 Note 01 的词汇表里给的是"证书",在学历语境里就是学位。它是 N 类,所以连接词用 ya。Kwa 在这里表目的:为了……而来。
Shahada appeared in the Note 01 vocabulary as certificate; in an academic context it is a degree. It is N class, hence ya. Kwa here marks purpose.
序数词的构成是 连接词 + 数字,而且只有前两个不规则:
Ordinals are connector + number, and only the first two are irregular:
| 序数 / Ordinal | 中文 | 来自 / From |
|---|---|---|
| kwanza | 第一 | 不规则,来自 -anza(开始) irregular, from -anza, to begin |
| pili | 第二 | ← mbili |
| tatu | 第三 | 同基数 same as the cardinal |
| nne | 第四 | 同基数 |
| tano | 第五 | 同基数 |
三以上的序数词跟基数词长得一样,靠前面的连接词分辨:mwaka wa tatu 是"第三年",miaka mitatu 是"三年"。同一个 tatu,帽子不同,意思不同。 · From three up, ordinal and cardinal look identical; the connector is what tells them apart.
Five
说不。
Saying no.
黑板上这一块把两样东西并排摆着:左边是六个否定主语前缀,右边是整套 -jambo。摆在一起就看出来了——它们本来就是同一张表。
This board sets two things side by side: the six negative subject prefixes on the left, the full -jambo paradigm on the right. Together they make the point — they were always the same table.
| 人称 / Person | 否定前缀 / Prefix | + jambo | + 真动词 / a real verb |
|---|---|---|---|
| mimi | si- | sijambo | sikwenda |
| wewe | hu- | hujambo | hukwenda |
| yeye | ha- | hajambo | hakwenda |
| sisi | hatu- | hatujambo | hatukwenda |
| ninyi | ham- | hamjambo | hamkwenda |
| wao | hawa- | hawajambo | hawakwenda |
Note 01 第四节给过左边那一列,Note 02 第一节给过右边那一套,但两篇都没说它们是一回事。这块黑板把话挑明了。
Note 01 §4 gave the left column, Note 02 §1 gave the right, and neither said they were the same thing. This board says it.
但时态不一样 The tenses, however, differ
黑板上 si- 底下单独写了一个 li,那是在提示一件重要的事:否定的过去时不是 si-li-,而是 si-ku-。
Under si- the board has a lone li. It flags something important: the negative past is not si-li- but si-ku-.
| 时态 / Tense | 肯定 / Affirmative | 否定 / Negative | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 present | ninakwenda | siendi | 我不去 |
| 过去 past | nilikwenda | sikuenda | 我没去 |
| 将来 future | nitakwenda | sitakwenda | 我不会去 |
| 尚未 not yet | — | sijaenda | 我还没去 |
现在时的否定最特别:时态标记整个消失,词尾的 a 变成 i。ninajua → sijui、ninaona → sioni、ninasoma → sisomi。Note 01 已经给过这条,这次只是把它放回整张表里。
The negative present is the odd one: the tense marker disappears entirely and the final a becomes i. Note 01 gave this; here it is returned to the full table.
要当心 sikwenda 里的 ku 和上一节那个"垫片 ku"不是同一个东西。这里的 ku 是过去否定标记(si-ku-enda),那里的 ku 是凑音节的不定式残留(a-li-ku-ja)。同形,不同源。 · The ku in sikwenda is not the spacer ku of §3. Here it is the negative past marker; there it is a leftover infinitive filling out a syllable. Same shape, different origin.
Six
第三节车厢。
The third carriage.
黑板角落里写着一个词:aliniambia。
One word in the corner of the board: aliniambia.
a – li – ni – ambia
他 — 过去 — 对我 — 告诉。他告诉了我。 · He — past — to me — tell.
Note 01 第四节讲过火车有三节车厢:谁 — 何时 — 对谁 — 词根 — a。第三节当时只给了一张前缀表和一个 kukujua,没有完整的句子。现在它挂上了。
Note 01 §4 described the train as who — when — to whom — root — a. The third carriage came with a table of prefixes and one example, kukujua, but no full sentence. Here it is coupled on.
| 我 / me | 你 / you | 他她 / him, her | 我们 / us | 你们、他们 / you, them |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ni- | -ku- | -m- | -tu- | -wa- |
| Swahili | 拆开 / Parts | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| aliniambia | a-li-ni-ambia | 他告诉了我 |
| alikuambia | a-li-ku-ambia | 他告诉了你 |
| nilimwambia | ni-li-m-ambia | 我告诉了他 |
| walituambia | wa-li-tu-ambia | 他们告诉了我们 |
词根 -ambia 本身也有来历:它是 -amba(说)加上 Note 01 预告过的 -ia 后缀(为、向)。所以 sema 是"说",ambia 是"对某人说"——后者必须带一个宾语。
The root -ambia has a history of its own: -amba, to say, plus the -ia suffix Note 01 trailed, meaning for or to. So sema is to say and ambia is to say to someone — the latter requires an object.
Seven
连接词连用。
Connectors, stacked.
A: Je, namba yako ya simu ni ngapi?
B: Namba yangu ya simu ni ____.
A: Namba ya simu ya rafiki yako ni ngapi?
B: Namba yake ya simu ni ____.
你的电话号码是多少?——我的号码是 ____。——你朋友的电话号码是多少?——他的号码是 ____。
What is your phone number? — Mine is ____. — And your friend’s? — Theirs is ____.
第三句是这一节的重点:namba ya simu ya rafiki yako——"你朋友的、电话的、号码"。三层所属关系,每一层都要一个连接词,一个都不能省。
The third line is the point: namba ya simu ya rafiki yako — your friend’s phone’s number. Three layers of possession, and each one needs its own connector.
两个 ya 都是 N 类,因为 namba 和 simu 都是 N 类(两个都是晚近的英语借词,跟 Note 03 说的规律一致)。
Both are ya because both namba and simu are N class — both recent English loans, as Note 03 said they would be.
第 7 类:cha class 7
另一个新形式:chuo(学院)是第 7 类(ki-/vi- 那一类,chuo 是 ki- 在元音前的变体),第 7 类的 -a 是 cha。
Another new form: chuo is class 7 — the ki-/vi- class, with ch- before a vowel — and the class 7 -a is cha.
| Swahili | 中文 |
|---|---|
| chuo kikuu cha Yale | 耶鲁大学 |
| chuo kikuu cha Columbia | 哥伦比亚大学 |
| kitabu cha Kiswahili | 斯瓦希里语课本 |
把 Note 02、Note 04 和这一课的形式合起来,连接词 -a 的表现在基本齐了:
Putting Note 02, Note 04 and this session together, the table of -a is now nearly complete:
| 类 / Class | -a | 例 / Example | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2 人 | wa | mwalimu wa Kiswahili | 斯瓦希里语老师 |
| 3/4 树 | wa / ya | mwaka wa 2026 | 2026 年 |
| 5 杂类 | la | jina la mama | 妈妈的名字 |
| 6 杂类复 | ya | majina ya watoto | 孩子们的名字 |
| 7/8 物 | cha / vya | chuo kikuu cha Yale | 耶鲁大学 |
| 9/10 N | ya / za | namba ya simu;habari za asubuhi | 电话号码;早晨的消息 |
更正:Note 01 练习三 Correction to Note 01, drill three
Note 01 的练习三里,rafiki yangu 那一行注了一句"强调人的时候也听得到 wangu",但没有给出判据。Mwalimu Wa'Njogu 给了:单复数同形的亲属词用 N 类所有格,有 m-/wa- 变化的走人类。
Note 01, drill three, noted beside rafiki yangu that wangu is also heard when the person is being emphasised, without saying when. Mwalimu Wa’Njogu supplied the test: kinship terms that do not change between singular and plural take N-class possessives; those that do take the animate forms.
| 词 / Word | 单复数 / Sg. & pl. | 所有格 / Possessive |
|---|---|---|
| dada, kaka, binamu, shangazi, bibi, babu, rafiki | 同形 unchanged | yangu, zangu |
| mjomba / wajomba, mzazi / wazazi, mtoto / watoto | 变 changes | wangu |
所以 dada yangu、kaka zangu,但 mjomba wangu——三种形式可以出现在同一句话里,而且都是对的。 · Hence dada yangu, kaka zangu, but mjomba wangu. All three can stand in one sentence, and all three are right. Correction credited to the instructor.
Eight
Tuonane。
A new mood.
Tuonane baadaye.
待会儿见。 · Let us see each other later.
Note 01 给的是 tutaonana baadaye——tu + ta + onana,将来时,陈述一件会发生的事。这里的 tuonane 不一样:没有时态标记,词尾的 a 变成 e。
Note 01 gave tutaonana baadaye — tu + ta + onana, the future tense, stating something that will happen. Tuonane is different: no tense marker at all, and the final a becomes e.
| Swahili | 拆开 / Parts | 语气 / Mood | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| tutaonana | tu-ta-onana | 陈述,将来 indicative, future | 我们会再见 |
| tuonane | tu-onan-e | 虚拟,提议 subjunctive, a proposal | 咱们回头见吧 |
这个 -e 是虚拟式,用来提议、请求、表示"让我们……吧"。它没有时态,因为提议本来就不发生在任何时间上。
The -e is the subjunctive: proposals, requests, let us. It carries no tense, because a proposal does not happen at a time.
| Swahili | 中文 | English |
|---|---|---|
| Tuende. | 咱们走吧。 | Let’s go. |
| Tusome. | 咱们读吧。 | Let’s read. |
| Nikusaidie? | 要我帮你吗? | Shall I help you? |
这一课只学到 tuonane 这一个形式,上面另外几个是同一规律的推演,供参考。 · Only tuonane was taught; the others follow the same rule and are given for reference.
Nine
词汇。
Vocabulary.
动词 Verbs
| 词根 / Root | 中文 | English | 备注 / Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| -zaa | 生、生育 | bear, give birth | 主动 · active |
| -zaliwa | 出生 | be born | 被动 · passive of -zaa |
| -ja | 来 | come | 单音节,保留 ku |
| -enda | 去 | go | kwenda;单音节,保留 ku |
| -amba | 说 | say | — |
| -ambia | 告诉(某人) | tell someone | -amba + -ia,须带宾语 |
| -lala | 睡 | sleep | Note 01 |
名词与其他 Nouns and other
| Swahili | 中文 | English | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| mwaka / miaka | 年 | year | 3/4 |
| chuo / vyuo | 学院 | college | 7/8 |
| chuo kikuu | 大学 | university | 字面:大的学院 |
| shahada | 学位、证书 | degree, certificate | N |
| simu | 电话 | telephone | N |
| kwanza | 第一 | first | 序数 |
| pili | 第二 | second | 序数 |
| kwa | 为了、用 | for, by means of | — |
| cha | ……的(第 7 类) | of, class 7 | 连接词 -a |
Ten
练习。
Drills.
一 — 换第二节车厢 One — swap the second carriage
用 -soma 造:我在读;我读了;我将读;我不读;我没读;我还没读。
| ninasoma | ni-na-soma |
| nilisoma | ni-li-soma |
| nitasoma | ni-ta-soma |
| sisomi | si + 词根 + i |
| sikusoma | si-ku-soma |
| sijasoma | si-ja-soma |
二 — 单音节还是双音节 Two — one syllable or two
判断哪些过去时要保留 ku:-ja、-soma、-la、-kaa、-fa、-toka、-enda。
| alikuja, alikula, alikufa, alikwenda | 单音节 → 保留 ku one syllable — ku stays |
| alisoma, alikaa, alitoka | 双音节 → 不保留 two syllables — no spacer |
三 — 说出你自己的年份 Three — your own years
用完整句说:我出生于 ____ 年;我 ____ 年来读本科;我 ____ 年来读硕士。
| Nilizaliwa mwaka wa ____. | 出生 born |
| Nilikuja chuo kikuu mwaka wa ____, kwa shahada ya kwanza. | 本科 first degree |
| Nilikuja chuo kikuu mwaka wa ____, kwa shahada ya pili. | 硕士 second degree |
四 — 挂上第三节车厢 Four — couple the third carriage
译成斯瓦希里语:他告诉了我;我告诉了你;她告诉了他们;他们告诉了我们。
| aliniambia | a-li-ni-ambia |
| nilikuambia | ni-li-ku-ambia |
| aliwaambia | a-li-wa-ambia |
| walituambia | wa-li-tu-ambia |
五 — 连接词配帽子 Five — fit the connector
填空:mwalimu ___ Kiswahili;jina ___ mama;chuo kikuu ___ Yale;namba ___ simu;habari ___ asubuhi;mwaka ___ 2026。
| wa | mwalimu wa Kiswahili(第 1 类) |
| la | jina la mama(第 5 类) |
| cha | chuo kikuu cha Yale(第 7 类) |
| ya | namba ya simu(N 类) |
| za | habari za asubuhi(N 类复数) |
| wa | mwaka wa 2026(第 3 类) |
← Note 04 · Note 06 follows next week.

