身边的人。

One

不在场的那个人。

The person who is not in the room.

Note 01 给了四个角：hujambo 和 sijambo，hamjambo 和 hatujambo——你和我，你们和我们。那一整节里的话全都是当面说的。这次补上的是第三个人称，问候的对象是别人，是一个不在场的人；随之而来的是一整套问候整个家庭的装置。

Note 01 gave four corners of the exchange: hujambo and sijambo, hamjambo and hatujambo — you and I, you plural and we. Everything in that note was said face to face. This session added the corner where the subject of the greeting is somebody else, somebody absent, and with it the whole apparatus for asking after a household.

那个词是 hajambo。他好，她好。前缀 ha- 是第三人称单数，而且是一个否定前缀——跟 hajui（他不知道）里的 ha- 完全相同。这一点要抓住：整套形式都建立在否定之上，因为 jambo 是事情、是麻烦，而在斯瓦希里语里"好"就是"没有未了之事"。

The word is hajambo. He is well, she is well. The prefix ha- is the third-person singular, and it is a negative prefix — the same ha- as in hajui, he doesn’t know. That is the thing to hold on to. The entire paradigm is built out of negations, because jambo is a matter, an affair, a trouble, and to be well in Swahili is to have no matter outstanding.

Swahili	人称 / Person	字面 / Literally	实际 / In use
Sijambo	我 I	我没有事 I have no matter	我很好 I’m fine
Hujambo?	你 you	你没有事 you have no matter	你好吗？ how are you?
Hajambo	他／她 he / she	他没有事 he has no matter	他很好 he’s fine
Hatujambo	我们 we	我们没有事 we have no matter	我们都好 we’re fine
Hamjambo?	你们 you (pl.)	你们没有事 you have no matter	你们好吗？ how are you all?
Hawajambo	他们 they	他们没有事 they have no matter	他们都好 they’re fine

这里没有任何东西需要学第二遍。这正是 Note 01 第四节里那一行否定主语前缀——si-, hu-, ha-, hatu-, ham-, hawa-——把 jambo 挂上去而已。表早就在页面上，只是从来没有跟这个词接起来。

Nothing here has to be learned twice. This is exactly the negative subject-prefix row from Note 01 §4 — si-, hu-, ha-, hatu-, ham-, hawa- — with jambo attached to it. The table was already on the page; it had simply never been bolted to this word.

Two

问候一整个家。

Asking after the household.

有了第三人称，问候就从眼前这个人向外延伸到站在他身后的所有人。这不是谈正事之前附加的寒暄。在东非的用法里，它就是谈话的开场；在提起任何事情之前把几个名字挨个问一遍，是常规礼节，而不是某种特别的亲热。

Once the third person is available, the greeting extends outward from the person in front of you to everyone standing behind them. This is not small talk appended to the end of a conversation. In East African usage it is the conversation’s opening, and running down several names before any business is raised is ordinary courtesy rather than warmth of any special kind.

Ndiyo 是"是"，hapana 是"不是"。注意这个问句的形状：没有系动词，没有疑问词，没有任何东西把它标记成问句——除了语调。Mama hajambo 是陈述，Mama hajambo? 是提问。Note 01 记下过老师关于语调的回答，说它承担了语法不承担的东西。这是它第一次真正干活。

Ndiyo is yes; hapana is no. Note the shape of the question — no verb to be, no question word, nothing marking it as a question at all except the intonation. Note 01 recorded the professor’s answer on intonation, that it carries what grammar does not. This is the first place it does real work.

板书上的整列 The roll as it stood on the board

Swahili	中文	English
Mama hajambo?	妈妈好吗？	is mother well?
Baba hajambo?	爸爸好吗？	is father well?
Dada hajambo?	姐姐／妹妹好吗？	is your sister well?
Kaka hajambo?	哥哥／弟弟好吗？	is your brother well?
Bibi / Nyanya hajambo?	奶奶／外婆好吗？	is your grandmother well?
Babu hajambo?	爷爷／外公好吗？	is your grandfather well?
Mjomba hajambo?	舅舅好吗？	is your uncle (mother’s brother) well?
Shangazi hajambo?	姑姑好吗？	is your aunt (father’s sister) well?
Binamu hajambo?	表／堂兄弟姐妹好吗？	is your cousin well?

Bibi 和 nyanya 在板书上被括在一起，因为两个都担着"祖母"这份工——但不在同一个国家担。Note 01 第七节记过这个分岔：在坦桑尼亚 bibi 是祖母，在肯尼亚是妻子；nyanya 两岸都是祖母，同时在所有地方也都是西红柿。

Bibi and nyanya were bracketed together on the board because both do the job of grandmother, but they do not do it in the same country. Note 01 §7 has the split: in Tanzania bibi is grandmother, in Kenya it is wife, and nyanya is grandmother on both coasts while also, everywhere, meaning tomato.

问一群人 More than one person

动词换成复数前缀，名词不动——这些词多半属于 N 类，单复同形，所以动词是唯一告诉你在问几个人的东西。

For more than one person the verb takes the plural prefix. The noun does not change — most of these terms are N-class, where singular and plural are the same word — so the verb is the only thing telling you how many people are being asked after.

Swahili	中文	English
Wazazi hawajambo?	父母都好吗？	are your parents well?
Ndugu hawajambo?	兄弟姐妹／亲戚都好吗？	are your siblings / relatives well?
Watoto hawajambo?	孩子们都好吗？	are the children well?
Binamu hawajambo?	表兄弟姐妹们都好吗？	are your cousins well?
Ndiyo, hawajambo.	是的，他们都好。	yes, they’re well.

Binamu hajambo? 和 Binamu hawajambo? 的差别只有一个前缀，别处一个字母都没变。这正是 Note 01 警告过的 N 类在干的事。 · Binamu hajambo? and Binamu hawajambo? differ by a single prefix and by nothing else at all.

Three

一个家族怎么切分。

How a family divides.

板书左边还有两行，看上去像生词，其实是一套制度：

The board carried two lines off to the left that look like vocabulary and are actually a system:

Mkubwa 和 mdogo 是"大"和"小"这两个形容词戴上第 1 类（人）的帽子。Baba mkubwa 是父亲的哥哥，baba mdogo 是父亲的弟弟——而重点在于：他们两个都不是"叔伯"。他们是父亲，按年龄排序。

Mkubwa and mdogo are the adjectives big and small under the class 1 hat, agreeing with a person. A baba mkubwa is your father’s elder brother, a baba mdogo his younger one, and the point is that neither of them is an uncle. They are fathers, ranked by age.

板书写作 baba ukubwa；标准形式是 mkubwa，因为 ukubwa 是"大小、尺寸"这个抽象名词（第 14 类），抽象名词不修饰人。 · Written on the board as baba ukubwa; the standing form is mkubwa.

把这个跟 mjomba 摆在一起看——那是一个自己的词：

Set that against mjomba, which is a word of its own:

关系 / Relation	Swahili	结构上是什么 / What it means structurally
父亲的兄弟 Father’s brother	Baba mkubwa / mdogo	并入"父亲"，按年龄分 absorbed into father, ranked by age
母亲的姐妹 Mother’s sister	Mama mkubwa / mdogo	并入"母亲"，按年龄分 absorbed into mother, ranked by age
母亲的兄弟 Mother’s brother	Mjomba	独立的词 a term of his own
父亲的姐妹 Father’s sister	Shangazi	独立的词 a term of her own

这条线划的不是父亲那一侧和母亲那一侧。它划的是：与你父母同性别的同胞，和与之异性别的同胞——人类学称之为平行（parallel）与交叉（cross）关系，通行于整个班图语世界。平行的同胞是你父母的一个版本；交叉的同胞是别的东西，因而得到一个名字。

The line being drawn is not between the father’s side and the mother’s side. It is between siblings of the same sex as your parent and siblings of the opposite sex — what anthropology calls parallel and cross relatives, and what runs through most of the Bantu-speaking world. A parallel sibling is a version of your parent. A cross sibling is something else, and gets a name.

这个推论会落到下一代。在较老的类分式用法里，你 baba mdogo 的孩子根本不是堂表亲——他们就是你的 dada 和 kaka，称呼与亲兄弟姐妹完全一样。Binamu（堂表亲）留给 mjomba 或 shangazi 的孩子。城市与受教育人群的用法一直在把这个区分抹平，binamu 如今常常不分内外地覆盖所有堂表亲，尤其在英语或法语的范畴在场的时候。但这套词汇本来就是为前一种体系造的，而多数人在家里说话仍然照旧。

The corollary reaches the next generation down. In the older classificatory usage, the children of your baba mdogo are not cousins at all — they are your dada and kaka, addressed exactly as full siblings. Binamu is reserved for the children of a mjomba or shangazi. Urban and educated usage has been flattening this, particularly where English or French categories are in the room. But the older pattern is what the vocabulary was built for, and it is still what most speakers do at home.

最后是语域。Mjomba 也用来相当随意地称呼任何年长男性，shangazi 对女性同理——大致就像 Note 01 记下的，在肯尼亚 mama 可以指任何母亲辈的女性。亲属词描述血缘，也描述亲近程度，而光看词本身并不总能分辨是哪一种。

A note on register. Mjomba is also used loosely for any older man in a familiar way, and shangazi the same for women, in roughly the way Note 01 recorded mama extending to any woman of your mother’s age in Kenya. The kinship terms describe relationships, and they describe closeness, and it is not always possible to tell from the word alone which one is meant.

Four

出身的三个精度。

Where you are from, in three degrees.

Note 01 里的问法是 unatoka wapi? 这一堂课把它收窄了。

The question from Note 01 was unatoka wapi? This session narrowed it.

Gani 永远跟在它的名词后面——Note 01 第四节里的 habari gani 和 lugha gani 是同一个规律，这里的行为完全一致。

Gani follows its noun, always — Note 01 §4 has it with habari gani and lugha gani, and it behaves identically here.

Swahili	问的是 / Asks for	说明 / Note
unatoka wapi?	哪里（不限） anywhere	开放式问法 · the open question
unatoka nchi gani?	哪个国家 which country	nchi，国家 · nchi, country
unatoka jimbo gani?	哪个州／省 which state, province	说美国的 state 就用它 · what you use for an American state
unatoka mji gani?	哪个城市 which city, town	mji 城镇；mjini 在城里 · mji, town; mjini, in town
unatoka mkoa gani?	哪个大区 which region	坦桑尼亚的单位 · the Tanzanian unit
unatoka kaunti gani?	哪个县 which county	肯尼亚 2010 年以来的单位 · the Kenyan unit since 2010

Jimbo 是在没有本地专名可用时指一级territorial 划分的通用词——美国的州、尼日利亚的州、一个省。它在教会用法里还指教区，jimbo la kanisa，同一个"有界管辖区"的概念换了一种机构。

Jimbo is the general word for a first-order territorial division where no local term is being used — a US state, a Nigerian state, a province. It also names a diocese in church usage, jimbo la kanisa, which is the same idea of a bounded jurisdiction applied to a different institution.

Na wewe? 和 na wewe je? 都是把问题推回去。-je 是 Note 01 第四节里那个后缀，加上它会让这一问稍微更完整、更留心；不加则更利落。两个都可以。

Na wewe? and na wewe je? both turn the question back. The -je is the suffix from Note 01 §4, and adding it makes the return slightly fuller and more attentive; without it the question is brisker. Either is fine.

Five

谁的名字。

Whose name.

Jina lako nani? 往第三人称推，方式跟问候一样。

Jina lako nani? extends to the third person the same way the greeting did.

Swahili	中文	English
Jina lako nani?	你叫什么名字？	what is your name?
Jina langu ni ____.	我的名字是 ____。	my name is ____.
Jina lake ni ____.	他／她的名字是 ____。	his / her name is ____.
Jina la mama ni nani?	妈妈叫什么名字？	what is mother’s name?
Mama anaitwa nani?	妈妈叫什么？	what is mother called?

这些形式上的 l- 既不属于"名字"这个词，也不属于"我的"这个词。Jina 是杂类名词，而 l- 是这一类给所有回指它的成分戴的帽子——Note 01 第三节里，jina langu 与 moyo wangu 并排，讲的正是这件事。

The l- on all of these is not part of the word for name or the word for my. Jina is a miscellany-class noun, and l- is what that class puts on anything referring back to it — Note 01 §3, where jina langu sits next to moyo wangu to make exactly this point.

当所有者是一个完整的名词而不是代词时，连接词是 -a，戴着同一顶类的帽子：第 5 类是 la，第 6 类是 ya。

When the possessor is a full noun rather than a pronoun, the connector is -a, wearing the same class hat: la for class 5, ya for class 6.

Swahili	中文	English
jina la mama	妈妈的名字	mother’s name
jina la mji	这座城的名字	the name of the town
majina ya watoto	孩子们的名字	the children’s names
majina yenu ni nani?	你们几位叫什么？	what are your names?

Mama, jina lake ni nani?——先点出话题，再用 lake 回指——也常听到，完全能懂；那是口语的语序，不是书面的。

Mama, jina lake ni nani? — with the topic named first and picked up by lake — is also heard and is perfectly comprehensible; it is the spoken order rather than the written one.

Six

完整对话。

The dialogue in full.

Swahili	中文	English
A: Hujambo.	你好吗？	How are you?
B: Sijambo.	我很好。	I’m fine.
A: Habari gani? / Habari za ____?	近况如何？／ ____ 怎么样？	What’s the news? / News of ____?
B: Nzuri. / Salama. / Njema. Na wewe je?	好。／平安。／挺好。你呢？	Good. / Peaceful. / Good. And you?
A: Nzuri pia. / Salama pia. / Njema pia.	我也好。	Good here too.
B: Jina lako nani? / Wewe unaitwa nani?	你叫什么名字？	What is your name?
A: Jina langu ni ____. Na wewe?	我的名字是 ____。你呢？	My name is ____. And you?
B: Jina langu ni ____. Wewe unatoka wapi? Nchi gani?	我的名字是 ____。你从哪儿来？哪个国家？	My name is ____. Where do you come from? Which country?
A: Mimi ninatoka ____. Na wewe?	我来自 ____。你呢？	I come from ____. And you?
B: Mimi ninatoka ____. Mama hajambo?	我来自 ____。妈妈好吗？	I come from ____. Is your mother well?
A: Ndiyo, hajambo.	是的，她很好。	Yes, she’s well.
B: Baba hajambo?	爸爸好吗？	Is your father well?
A: Ndiyo, hajambo.	是的，他很好。	Yes, he’s well.
B: Wazazi wako wote hawajambo?	你父母都好吗？	Are both your parents well?
A: Ndiyo, hawajambo. Asante.	是的，都好。谢谢。	Yes, they’re well. Thank you.
B: Nimefurahi kukutana nawe.	很高兴认识你。	I’m glad to have met you.
A: Na mimi pia. Kwaheri, tutaonana kesho.	我也是。再见，明天见。	And I too. Goodbye, see you tomorrow.

Seven

词汇。

Vocabulary.

亲属 Kinship

Swahili	中文	English	Class
bibi	奶奶（坦）／妻子（肯）	grandmother (TZ) / wife (KE)	N
babu	爷爷、外公	grandfather	N
nyanya	奶奶、外婆；西红柿	grandmother; tomato	N
mjomba / wajomba	舅舅（母之兄弟）	mother’s brother	people
shangazi	姑姑（父之姐妹）	father’s sister	N
binamu	表／堂兄弟姐妹	cousin	N
baba mkubwa / mdogo	伯父／叔父	father’s elder / younger brother	N + cl.1 adj.
mama mkubwa / mdogo	大姨／小姨	mother’s elder / younger sister	N + cl.1 adj.
mzazi / wazazi	家长／父母	parent / parents	people
ndugu	兄弟姐妹；亲戚；同志	sibling; relative; comrade	N
mtoto / watoto	孩子／孩子们	child / children	people

地方 Place

Swahili	中文	English	Class
jimbo / majimbo	州、省；教区	state, province; diocese	miscellany
mji / miji	城市、城镇	town, city	trees
mjini	在城里	in town	locative

其他 Other

Swahili	中文	English
hajambo / hawajambo	他好／他们好	he is well / they are well
ndiyo	是	yes
hapana	不是	no
-kubwa	大、年长	big, elder
-dogo	小、年幼	small, younger
-ote	全部	all
homa	发烧	fever

Eight

练习。

Drills.

一 — 走一遍名单 One — down the roll

把八个亲属依次问一遍并各自回答，不重复用词。然后全部换成复数再走一遍。

Ask after eight relatives in turn and answer each, without repeating a term. Then do it again with all of them in the plural.

二 — 六个角 Two — six corners

默写完整的 -jambo 六格，再把 Note 01 第四节的否定主语前缀写在旁边，核对是否一一对应。

Write out the full -jambo paradigm from memory, then write out the negative subject prefixes from Note 01 §4 beside it and check that they match.

si- / hu- / ha-	sijambo / hujambo / hajambo
hatu- / ham- / hawa-	hatujambo / hamjambo / hawajambo

三 — 定位亲属 Three — place the relative

用斯瓦希里语说出来：父亲的弟弟；母亲的兄弟；父亲的姐妹；母亲的姐姐；母亲兄弟的儿子；父亲弟弟的女儿。

Give the Swahili: your father’s younger brother; your mother’s brother; your father’s sister; your mother’s elder sister; the son of your mother’s brother; the daughter of your father’s younger brother.

baba mdogo	父亲的弟弟 father’s younger brother
mjomba	母亲的兄弟 mother’s brother
shangazi	父亲的姐妹 father’s sister
mama mkubwa	母亲的姐姐 mother’s elder sister
binamu	交叉的一支 the cross line
dada	平行的一支——不是 binamu the parallel line — not binamu

四 — 三个精度 Four — three degrees

用四种方式问对方从哪里来——不限、国家、州、城市——然后每一种都用完整句回答，主语前缀不能省。

Ask someone where they are from four ways — open, by country, by state, by city — then answer each in a full sentence with the subject prefix in place.

五 — 谁的 Five — whose

译成斯瓦希里语：我的名字；她的名字；妈妈的名字；这座城的名字；孩子们的名字。

jina langu	我的名字 my name
jina lake	她的名字 her name
jina la mama	妈妈的名字 mother’s name
jina la mji	这座城的名字 the name of the town
majina ya watoto	孩子们的名字 the children’s names