Kiswahili Note 06

今天几号,以及每年都是那一天。

What the date is, and what it always is.

日期这一课:今年、去年、明年怎么说;为什么"昨天是"不能用 ni;第一个不是人的动词主语;月份其实是编号的;以及老师在黑板上刻意摆在一起的一对词——一个说"今年会是",一个说"每年都是"。

The date: how to say this year, last year and next; why yesterday was cannot use ni; the first verb whose subject is not a person; months that turn out to be numbered; and a pair of words set side by side on the board on purpose — one for this year it will be, one for every year it is.

2026 年 9 月 21 日 · Session of 21 September 2026 Beginners’ Kiswahili Notes by Zhijun He
  1. 今年、去年、明年This year, last year, next
  2. 今天几号What the date is
  3. ni 没有过去Ni has no past
  4. 第一个不是人的主语A subject that is not a person
  5. 一串时间词A run of days
  6. 生日Birthdays
  7. 节日:这一次与每一年Holidays: once, and every year
  8. 词汇Vocabulary
  9. 练习Drills

One

今年、去年、明年。

This year, last year, next.

Swahili年份 / Year字面 / Literally
mwaka huu2026这一年 this year
mwaka jana2025"昨天的年" the year of yesterday
mwaka uliopita2025已经过去的那一年 the year that passed
mwaka ujao2027正在来的那一年 the year that is coming

Mwaka jana 很有意思:斯瓦希里语直接借"昨天"来说"去年"。Jana 在 Note 01 的时间词里就有,这里它被放大了一个尺度。

Mwaka jana borrows yesterday to mean last year. Jana was already in the Note 01 time words; here it is scaled up.

老师在 uliopita 底下划了线 Why uliopita was underlined

因为它是一个全新的结构:关系从句

Because it is something entirely new: a relative clause.

词 / Word拆开 / Parts意思 / Meaning
uliopitau — li — o — pita它 — 过去 — 那个 — 经过:那个已经过去的 the one which passed
ujaou — ja — o它 — 来 — 那个:那个正在来的 the one which comes

那个 -o- 就是英语的 which / that,插在火车里,把一个动词变成修饰名词的从句。开头的 u- 是第 3 类的主语前缀,因为 mwaka 是第 3 类——跟前面那个 huu(这个)是同一顶帽子。

The -o- is which or that, slotted into the train to turn a verb into a clause describing a noun. The u- at the front is the class 3 subject prefix, because mwaka is class 3 — the same hat worn by huu, this.

Two

今天几号。

What the date is.

A: Leo ni tarehe ngapi?

B: Leo ni tarehe ishirini na moja, mwezi wa tisa, mwaka wa elfu mbili, ishirini na sita.

今天几号?——今天是 2026 年 9 月 21 日。

What is the date today? — Today is the twenty-first of the ninth month, 2026.

Tarehe(日期)是 N 类,阿拉伯语借词。问几号用 ngapi——Note 03 学的"多少",因为日期本来就是一个数。

Tarehe, date, is N class and an Arabic loan. The question uses ngapi, how many, from Note 03 — a date is, after all, a number.

顺序:日 → 月 → 年 Order: day, month, year

跟中文相反,跟英式一样。Tarehe ishirini na moja(21 号)在最前,年份在最后。

The reverse of Chinese, the same as British usage. Day first, year last.

月份是编号的 The months are numbered

Mwezi wa tisa 字面是"第九个月"——九月。斯瓦希里语日常说月份就用序数,这是 Note 05 第四节那个"连接词 + 数字"的结构。Mwezi 是第 3 类,所以连接词是 wa

Mwezi wa tisa is literally the ninth month. Months are named by ordinal, using the connector-plus-number structure of Note 05 §4. Mwezi is class 3, hence wa.

Swahili中文English
Mwezi wa kwanza一月January
Mwezi wa pili二月February
Mwezi wa tatu三月March
Mwezi wa nne四月April
Mwezi wa tano五月May
Mwezi wa sita六月June
Mwezi wa saba七月July
Mwezi wa nane八月August
Mwezi wa tisa九月September
Mwezi wa kumi十月October
Mwezi wa kumi na moja十一月November
Mwezi wa kumi na mbili十二月December

课堂讲义第七行印成了 Mwezi was saba,应为 wa saba。 · The handout prints Mwezi was saba on line seven; it should read wa saba.

讲义的标题是 Miezi ya mwaka(一年的月份)。Miezimwezi 的复数,第 4 类,连接词是 ya。所以单数 mwezi wa、复数 miezi ya——一个词根两顶帽子,就在讲义标题里。

The handout is titled Miezi ya mwaka. Miezi is the class 4 plural, and its connector is ya: singular mwezi wa, plural miezi ya, one root under two hats, right there in the title.

年份怎么念:一处更正 Reading the year: a correction

黑板上写的是 mwaka wa elfu mbili, ishirini na sita——elfu mbili 后面是逗号,不是 na。Note 04 和 Note 05 里写成了 elfu mbili na ishirini na sita。两种都有人说,但课上的写法是逗号版,以它为准。

The board writes mwaka wa elfu mbili, ishirini na sita — a comma after elfu mbili, not na. Notes 04 and 05 used na. Both are heard; the class uses the comma, and that is the form to follow.

Three

ni 没有过去。

Ni has no past.

"今天是 21 号"用 ni。但"昨天是 20 号"呢?Ni 是一个不变的系词,它没有时态,挂不上火车。

Today is the 21st uses ni. But yesterday was the 20th? Ni is invariable. It has no tense and cannot board the train.

所以过去和将来要换成另一个动词:-kuwa,是、成为。

So the past and future switch to a different verb: -kuwa, to be, to become.

时间 / Time形式 / Form例 / Example中文
现在 presentniLeo ni tarehe ishirini na moja.今天是 21 号。
过去 pasti-li-kuwaJana ilikuwa tarehe ishirini.昨天是 20 号。
将来 futurei-ta-kuwaKesho itakuwa tarehe ishirini na mbili.明天是 22 号。

注意 -kuwa 保留了 ku。词根 -wa 只有一个音节,撑不住倒数第二音节的重音——这就是 Note 05 第三节那个垫片 ku,跟 alikujaalikula 同一个道理。

Note that -kuwa keeps its ku. The root -wa is a single syllable and cannot carry penultimate stress — the spacer ku of Note 05 §3, the same as in alikuja and alikula.

Four

第一个不是人的主语。

A subject that is not a person.

ilikuwa 开头那个字母。到现在为止,你学过的所有主语前缀——ni、u、a、tu、m、wa——全都是指人的。这里的 i- 不是任何一个人。

Look at the first letter of ilikuwa. Every subject prefix so far — ni, u, a, tu, m, wa — has referred to a person. The i- here refers to no one.

它回指的是 tarehe(日期),N 类。N 类名词作主语时,动词前缀是 i-。同一课里的另一句也是这样:

It refers back to tarehe, N class. When an N-class noun is the subject, the verb takes i-. Another line from the same session:

A: Shule ilianza tarehe ngapi mwaka huu?

B: Shule ilianza tarehe mbili, mwezi wa tisa, mwaka huu.

今年学校几号开学?——今年 9 月 2 日开学。

What date did school start this year? — On the second of the ninth month.

Shule 是 N 类,所以是 i-li-anza,不是 a-li-anza。

Shule is N class, so i-li-anza, not a-li-anza.

Note 01 第三节说过:名词的类支配"一切回指它的成分——我的、你的、这个、好的,以及动词自己的前缀"。前五篇笔记里,动词前缀这一项一直没兑现,因为主语全是人。现在兑现了。

Note 01 §3 said the noun’s class governs everything that refers back to it — my, your, this, good, and the verb’s own prefixes. For five notes that last item stayed a promise, because every subject was a person. It is kept here.

顺带:-anza(开始)就是 Note 05 里 kwanza(第一)的来源——ku + anza,"开始"。第一,就是开头的那一个。 · -anza, to begin, is the source of kwanza, first, from Note 05. The first is the one at the beginning.

Five

一串时间词。

A run of days.

Swahili中文English动词 / Verb
juzi前天the day before yesterdayilikuwa
jana昨天yesterdayilikuwa
leo今天todayni
kesho明天tomorrowitakuwa
kesho-kutwa后天the day after tomorrowitakuwa

Jana ilikuwa tarehe ngapi?

Jana ilikuwa tarehe ishirini, mwezi wa tisa, mwaka wa elfu mbili, ishirini na sita.

Juzi ilikuwa tarehe kumi na tisa, mwezi wa tisa…

Kesho itakuwa tarehe ishirini na mbili, mwezi wa tisa…

Kesho-kutwa itakuwa tarehe ishirini na tatu…

昨天几号?——昨天是 20 号。前天是 19 号。明天是 22 号。后天是 23 号。

Yesterday was the 20th; the day before, the 19th; tomorrow the 22nd; the day after, the 23rd.

四个时间词之外,动词只有三种:过去两天用 ilikuwa,今天用 ni,未来两天用 itakuwa。整张表对称地落在今天两边。

Five days, three verbs: ilikuwa for the two behind, ni for today, itakuwa for the two ahead. The table sits symmetrically on either side of today.

板书写作 Kesho-kutwa,带连字符。 · The board hyphenates Kesho-kutwa.

Six

生日。

Birthdays.

A: Je, wewe ulizaliwa tarehe ngapi?

B: Mimi nilizaliwa tarehe ____, mwezi wa ____, mwaka wa ____.

A: ____ alizaliwa tarehe ngapi?

B: Yeye alizaliwa tarehe ____.

你是几号出生的?——我出生于 ____ 年 ____ 月 ____ 日。——____ 是几号出生的?——他出生于……

What date were you born? — I was born on ____. — And ____? — On ____.

这是 Note 05 第二节的 -zaliwa(被生下来)跟这一课的日期拼在一起,外加那个已经出现过好几次的人称替换:u- 换成 a-,wewe 换成 yeye

The -zaliwa of Note 05 §2 joined to this session’s dates, plus the person swap that keeps returning: u- to a-, wewe to yeye.

日期前面不加介词 No preposition before a date

中文说" 9 月 26 日出生",英语说 born on。斯瓦希里语直接把日期放在动词后面,什么都不加:nilizaliwa tarehe…shule ilianza tarehe mbili。日期本身就是状语。

Chinese says born on, English says born on. Swahili puts the date straight after the verb with nothing between: nilizaliwa tarehe…, shule ilianza tarehe mbili. The date is its own adverb.

Seven

节日:这一次与每一年。

Holidays: once, and every year.

Swahili中文
Sikukuu ya Thanksgiving itakuwa tarehe ngapi mwaka huu?今年感恩节是几号?
— ishirini na sita, mwezi wa kumi na moja, mwaka huu.今年 11 月 26 日。
Sikukuu ya Krismasi huwa tarehe ngapi?圣诞节是几号?
— ishirini na tano, mwezi wa kumi na mbili, kila mwaka.每年 12 月 25 日。
Sikukuu ya Mwaka Mpya huwa tarehe ngapi?新年是几号?
— moja, mwezi wa kwanza, kila mwaka.每年 1 月 1 日。

这是整堂课的高潮。老师把两个问题并排写,huwa 底下划了双线。

This is the point of the session. The two questions sit side by side, with huwa double-underlined.

感恩节的日期每年变(十一月第四个星期四),所以问的是"今年会是几号"——将来时 itakuwa,配 mwaka huu(今年)。

Thanksgiving moves — the fourth Thursday of November — so the question is what it will be this year: future itakuwa, with mwaka huu.

圣诞节和新年的日期从来不变,所以问的是"它通常是几号"——惯常式 huwa,配 kila mwaka(每年)。

Christmas and New Year never move, so the question is what they always are: the habitual huwa, with kila mwaka.

语法编码的不是"时间",而是事件的性质:一次性的事用时态,反复发生的事用惯常式。

What the grammar encodes is not time but the kind of event: a one-off takes a tense, a recurrence takes the habitual.

第三个"同形不同源" A third false twin

huwa = hu- + wa。这个 hu-惯常标记,而不是 Note 05 里 hujambohukwenda 那个"你—否定"的 hu-。

huwa is hu- + wa, and this hu- is the habitual marker — not the second-person negative hu- of hujambo and hukwenda in Note 05.

区别在于:惯常 hu- 不分人称,谁做都是 hu-,而且不带主语前缀。否定 hu- 只指"你"。

The difference: habitual hu- ignores person and takes no subject prefix; negative hu- means only you.

前两对是:Note 03 的句首 je 与词尾 -je;Note 05 的垫片 ku 与否定过去 ku。 · The first two pairs: sentence-initial je and suffix -je (Note 03); spacer ku and negative-past ku (Note 05).

其他三个零件 Three smaller pieces

sikukuu = siku(天)+ kuu(大)→ 节日。那个 kuu 就是 chuo kikuu(大学,"大的学院")里的那个"大"。

sikukuu is siku, day, plus kuu, great — a holiday. The same kuu as in chuo kikuu.

kila(每)放在名词前面,不变形:kila mwakakila siku。这一点跟大多数斯瓦希里语修饰词相反。

kila, every, goes before its noun and never changes — the reverse of most Swahili modifiers.

Mwaka Mpya-pya(新)戴上第 3 类的帽子变成 mpya,跟 mwaka 一致。

Mwaka Mpya: -pya, new, takes the class 3 hat to agree with mwaka.

Eight

词汇。

Vocabulary.

名词 Nouns

Swahili中文EnglishClass
tarehe日期dateN
mwezi / miezimonth3/4
mwaka / miakayear3/4
sikukuu节日holidayN
Krismasi圣诞节ChristmasN
Mwaka Mpya新年New Year

动词 Verbs

Swahili中文English备注 / Note
-kuwa是、成为be, become单音节,保留 ku
-anza开始beginkwanza 的来源
-pita经过passuliopita
huwa通常是usually is惯常式

时间与其他 Time and other

Swahili中文English
juzi / jana / leo前天/昨天/今天day before / yesterday / today
kesho / kesho-kutwa明天/后天tomorrow / day after
huu这(第 3 类)this, class 3
uliopita过去的past, which passed
ujao将来的coming, which comes
kilaevery
-pyanew
-kuu大、主要的great, main

Nine

练习。

Drills.

一 — 说出今天前后五天 One — five days around today

以 9 月 21 日为"今天",说出前天到后天。

Juzi ilikuwa tarehe kumi na tisa.前天 19 号
Jana ilikuwa tarehe ishirini.昨天 20 号
Leo ni tarehe ishirini na moja.今天 21 号
Kesho itakuwa tarehe ishirini na mbili.明天 22 号
Kesho-kutwa itakuwa tarehe ishirini na tatu.后天 23 号
二 — 用编号说月份 Two — name the month by number

一月、五月、十月、十二月。

mwezi wa kwanza一月
mwezi wa tano五月
mwezi wa kumi十月
mwezi wa kumi na mbili十二月
三 — 人还是物 Three — person or thing

补上主语前缀:mwalimu ___likuja;shule ___lianza;tarehe ___likuwa;rafiki ___lizaliwa。

mwalimu alikuja人 → a-
shule ilianzaN 类 → i-
tarehe ilikuwaN 类 → i-
rafiki alizaliwa人 → a-(虽然 rafiki 是 N 类,指人时仍用 a-)
四 — itakuwa 还是 huwa Four — itakuwa or huwa

判断:新年;今年的感恩节;你今年的生日;每年的生日。

Mwaka Mpya huwa固定 → 惯常
Thanksgiving itakuwa… mwaka huu今年 → 将来
Siku yangu ya kuzaliwa itakuwa… mwaka huu今年的某一天 → 将来
Siku yangu ya kuzaliwa huwa… kila mwaka每年都是 → 惯常

Siku ya kuzaliwa(出生的日子)即"生日",课上未出现,供参考。 · Siku ya kuzaliwa, birthday, was not taught.

五 — 你的生日 Five — your own birthday

用完整句回答:Je, wewe ulizaliwa tarehe ngapi?

Nilizaliwa tarehe ____, mwezi wa ____, mwaka wa ____.日 → 月 → 年,不加介词

← All Kiswahili notes

← Note 05 · Note 07 follows next week.