说不会，和问几点。

One

Kukanusha wakati ujao。

Negating the future.

板书标题本身就值得拆一下。Ku-kanusha 是"否定"这个动词的不定式；wakati ujao 字面是"正在来的那个时间"——u-ja-o，来自 Note 05 那个单音节的 -ja。同一个 ujao 后面还会出现在 muhula ujao（下学期）里。

The board’s title is worth unpacking. Ku-kanusha is the infinitive to negate; wakati ujao is literally the time which is coming — u-ja-o, from the one-syllable -ja of Note 05. The same ujao reappears below in muhula ujao, next term.

黑板上六行，一个人称一行：

Six lines on the board, one per person:

第一行用的是 -enda 的 ataenda。Note 05 第三节给的是 atakwenda，保留了垫片 ku。两种都听得到，课本和老师都接受；kwenda 那种更常见。 · The board has ataenda; Note 05 §3 gave atakwenda, with the spacer ku. Both are heard and both are accepted; the kwenda form is the more common.

Two

三个时态的否定。

Three negatives side by side.

把这一格放回 Note 05 的整张表，就看得出将来时为什么最简单：另外两个时态的否定都要多动一处。

Returned to the full table from Note 05, the future is plainly the simplest: each of the other two negatives changes one thing more.

后面的不定式不动 Infinitives stay as they are

只有第一个动词——带人称前缀的那个——变否定。后面跟着的不定式原样保留：

Only the first verb, the one carrying the subject prefix, goes negative. Infinitives that follow are left alone:

Three

名词作主语。

When the subject is a noun.

练习纸上的十六句大多不是代词开头，而是名词：Mama、Mwalimu、Wanafunzi、Wazee。判断方法很简单——一个人按 yeye，一群人按 wao。

Most of the worksheet’s sixteen sentences open with a noun rather than a pronoun. The test is simple: one person goes as yeye, a group as wao.

Rafiki yangu 的所有格走 N 类（Note 05 第七节），但动词前缀看的是"是不是人"，所以照样用 ha-。这跟 Note 05 第十一节 dada watano 是同一条规则。 · Rafiki takes an N-class possessive (Note 05 §7), but the verb agrees with animacy, so ha- it is — the same rule as dada watano in Note 05 §11.

单音节动词照样带 ku One-syllable verbs keep ku

练习纸上有四个单音节动词，否定以后垫片 ku 都还在：

Four one-syllable verbs on the worksheet; the spacer ku survives negation in every one:

Four

Saa ya Kiswahili。

Swahili time.

讲义上的说法是：siku moja si masaa 24——一天不是二十四小时，而是一个十二小时的白天（mchana）加一个十二小时的夜晚（usiku）。赤道附近一年到头大约早上七点日出、傍晚六点日落，所以钟点从日出那一刻开始数。

The handout puts it as siku moja si masaa 24: a day is not twenty-four hours but a twelve-hour daytime (mchana) and a twelve-hour night (usiku). Near the equator the sun rises at about seven and sets at about six all year round, so the hours are counted from sunrise.

白板上那只钟指着 8:00，读作 saa mbili kamili。Kamili = 整、正好。 · The whiteboard clock showed 8:00: saa mbili kamili, two o’clock sharp.

saa mbili：两点钟，还是两小时 an hour, or hours

Saa 一个词兼三职：钟表、钟点、小时。所以 saa mbili 既可以是"八点"，也可以是"两个小时"。讲义里写 masaa 24，就是口语里用 ma- 复数把"小时数"和"钟点"分开的办法；标准语两种都写 saa，靠上下文分辨。

Saa does three jobs: clock, o’clock and hour. So saa mbili may be eight o’clock or two hours. The handout’s masaa 24 is the colloquial way of keeping duration apart with a ma- plural; standard usage writes saa for both and lets context decide.

Five

分钟：robo，nusu，kasoro。

Minutes.

白板左边一列词：dakika、robo、nusu、kasoro、kasorobo、kamili。以八点为例排开：

The left of the whiteboard listed dakika, robo, nusu, kasoro, kasorobo, kamili. Laid out around eight o’clock:

白板上的 kasorobo 是 kasoro robo 连读的样子，口语里常这么说。 · The board’s kasorobo is kasoro robo run together, as it often is in speech.

dakika 后面的数字 numbers after dakika

具体分钟数要带 dakika：na dakika ishirini，不能光说 na ishirini。只有 robo 和 nusu 本身就是时间单位，不用再加。

Exact minutes take dakika: na dakika ishirini, not bare na ishirini. Only robo and nusu are units in themselves.

Dakika 是 N 类，所以 Note 05 第十一节那张"数字戴帽子"的表在这里也起作用——只是 N 类的帽子大多看不见：dakika moja、dakika tatu、dakika tano。唯一露出痕迹的是"二"：N 类的 n- 加上 -wili，合起来正是 mbili。原来数数时用的 mbili，本来就是一个戴了 N 类帽子的 -wili。

Dakika is N class, so the agreement table of Note 05 §11 applies here too — but the N-class hat is mostly invisible: dakika moja, dakika tatu. The one place it shows is two: N-class n- plus -wili gives exactly mbili. The counting form mbili was an N-class -wili all along.

Six

一天的时段。

Parts of the day.

因为 saa moja 既可以是早上七点也可以是晚上七点，钟点后面要跟一个时段词。讲义给的词：

Since saa moja may be seven in the morning or seven at night, the hour is followed by a part of the day. From the handout:

边界有弹性，不同老师、不同地区划法会差一点。练习纸上标了 A.M. / P.M. 的钟，答案里都要写出时段词——那张纸就是为了练这个。 · The boundaries are soft and vary by speaker and region. Where the worksheet marks a clock A.M. or P.M., the answer should carry a part-of-day word; that is what the sheet is drilling.

讲义另一栏给的时间副词，和第一节板书里的用法对上：

The handout’s other column of time words, matched to the board sentences of §1:

Seven

Saa ngapi?

Asking the time.

Ngapi 在这里不戴帽子，跟 Note 05 第七节 namba ni ngapi? 一样——问的是"第几点"，不是"几个钟"。Darasa 是第 5 类，所以动词前缀是 li-：li-ta-anza。

Ngapi is bare here, as in Note 05 §7’s namba ni ngapi? — it asks which hour, not how many clocks. Darasa is class 5, hence the verb prefix li-.

Aina za saa kinds of clock

白板右边一列。每一个都是 saa + ya + 名词，连接词是 N 类的 ya：

The right-hand column of the whiteboard. Each is saa + ya + noun, with the N-class connector:

白板上写作 "Larabarani"，应为 barabarani；旁边画的那个立在十字路口的钟就是它。 · Written on the board as “Larabarani”; the clock drawn at a crossroads beside it is this one.

Eight

Hu-：每天都这样。

The habitual.

两篇对话的问题里反复出现同一个前缀：Wewe hufika shuleni saa ngapi?、Darasa lako huanza saa ngapi?、Wewe hupata muda wa kupumzika? 这是习惯式：不是今天这一次，而是平时、每次都这样。

One prefix keeps turning up in the questions to both dialogues. This is the habitual: not this once, but usually, every time.

Darasa 在将来时要用 li-（litaanza，第七节），在习惯式里这个前缀不见了，只剩 huanza。这正是"hu- 不分人称、不分类"的意思。 · In the future darasa needs li- (§7); in the habitual it simply disappears.

习惯式没有自己的否定 No negative of its own

要说"平时不……"，就借用现在时的否定（第二节表里第一行）。Kimeu 的回答就是现成的例子：

To say usually not, borrow the present negative from the table in §2. Kimeu’s answer is the model:

si-pat-i：-na- 不出现，词尾 a → i。 · si-pat-i: no -na-, final a → i.

Nine

Nitakuwa na。

Will have.

"有"在斯语里是 kuwa na，字面是"跟……在一起"。Kazini 里 Kasimu 问 Utakuwa na wagonjwa wangapi leo?，Kimeu 答 Nitakuwa na wanne。把它放进三个时态：

To have is kuwa na, literally to be with. Across the three tenses:

-wa 是单音节，所以将来时带垫片 ku，否定以后也留着，跟第三节那四个动词一样。过去时否定 si-ku-wa 里的 ku 却是过去否定标记，不是垫片：又是那两个同形不同源的 ku。 · -wa is one syllable, so the future keeps the spacer ku, as in §3. In the past negative si-ku-wa, the ku is the past-negative marker instead: the two look-alike ku again.

wangapi 戴了帽子 wangapi agrees

第七节说 saa ngapi 里的 ngapi 不戴帽子，因为问的是"第几点"。Wagonjwa wangapi 问的却是"几个病人"，是数量，所以 -ngapi 要跟着第 2 类戴上 wa-。Kimeu 回答 wanne（四个人）也是一样：wa-nne。

Saa ngapi asks which hour and stays bare (§7). Wagonjwa wangapi asks how many, so -ngapi takes the class 2 wa-, and so does the answer wa-nne.

同一段里的 wa kwanza、wa pili、wa tatu 是"第一个、第二个、第三个（病人）"；最后一个是 mwingine，"另一个"，单数第 1 类。

Wa kwanza, wa pili, wa tatu are the first, second, third patient; the last is mwingine, another one.

Ten

-me-：已经。

The perfect, a first look.

-me- 讲的是"现在的结果"。-choka 本义是"变累"，所以 nimechoka 是"我已经累了"，也就是"我（现在）很累"。比较：nilichoka jana，"我昨天累了"，事情留在过去。

-me- is about a result that holds now. -choka means to become tired, so nimechoka is I am tired. Compare nilichoka jana, I was tired yesterday.

-me- 的否定是 ha- + -ja-：sijachoka，"我还没累"。以后会正式学。 · Its negative is ha- + -ja-: sijachoka, I’m not tired yet.

Eleven

两篇对话里的钟点。

Times in the two dialogues.

两篇对话把第四到第六节的钟点几乎全用了一遍，正好拿来对照。

Between them the two dialogues use almost every pattern of §§4–6.

Mazungumzo ya kwanza：Kuamka na kwenda shuleni Getting up for school

Kazini At work

注意 18:45 用的是 jioni，20:40 才换成 usiku，跟第六节的时段表一致。 · 18:45 is still jioni; by 20:40 it is usiku, as in §6.

Twelve

一个词根，一家人。

Word families.

词汇越来越多的时候，按词根记比按课文记省力得多。这周碰到的两家：

As the vocabulary grows, learning by root is far cheaper than learning by lesson. Two families from this week:

-funza：教与学 teaching and learning

Mwalimu anatufundisha Kiswahili（老师教我们斯语）；Ninajifunza Kiswahili（我在学斯语）。 · The teacher teaches us; I am learning.

-maliza 和 -isha：结束 finishing

所以可以说 darasa humalizika 或 darasa huisha，但不能说 darasa humaliza：课不会去"完成"别的东西。 · A class can end, but it cannot finish something else.

Thirteen

Shikamoo。

Greeting elders.

Shikamoo 是晚辈对长辈、学生对老师的敬语问候，坦桑尼亚用得尤其多；回答固定是 Marahaba。它是单向的：长辈不会对晚辈说 Shikamoo。

Shikamoo goes from younger to older, student to teacher, and is especially common in Tanzania; the reply is always Marahaba. It only goes one way.

同辈之间用对话一开头那种：Hujambo? — Sijambo. 拆开看，hu-jambo 和 si-jambo 用的正是第一节的否定前缀，意思接近"你没什么事吧？——我没事"。复数：Hamjambo? — Hatujambo.

Between equals, as at the start of the first dialogue: Hujambo? — Sijambo. The prefixes are the negatives of §1, so it is close to nothing the matter with you? — nothing the matter with me. Plural: Hamjambo? — Hatujambo.

Fourteen

词汇。

Vocabulary.

动词 Verbs

名词 Nouns

其他 Other

10 月 7 日补充 Added 7 October

Fifteen

练习。

Drills.