日子、饭桌、被动与一致。

One

一周的形状。

The shape of a week.

斯瓦希里的一周从星期六开始数。理由在星期五：Ijumaa 来自阿拉伯语的"聚会日"，是清真寺集体礼拜的日子，一周以它为轴。它之后的那天是 Juma-mosi，"周一号"；再往后是 Juma-pili、Juma-tatu、Juma-nne、Juma-tano——后缀就是数字一到五。只有星期四不合这个模式：Alhamisi 是阿拉伯语的"第五"。

The Swahili week counts from Saturday. The reason is Friday: Ijumaa, from the Arabic for the day of assembly, is the day of congregational prayer and the pivot of the week. The day after it is Juma-mosi, week-one; then Juma-pili, Juma-tatu, Juma-nne, Juma-tano — the suffixes are simply the numbers one to five. Only Thursday breaks the pattern: Alhamisi is Arabic for "the fifth".

Swahili	字面 / Literally	中文	English
Jumamosi	周 + 一 week-one	星期六	Saturday
Jumapili	周 + 二 week-two	星期日	Sunday
Jumatatu	周 + 三 week-three	星期一	Monday
Jumanne	周 + 四 week-four	星期二	Tuesday
Jumatano	周 + 五 week-five	星期三	Wednesday
Alhamisi	"第五"（阿拉伯语） "the fifth"	星期四	Thursday
Ijumaa	"聚会日" day of assembly	星期五	Friday

最容易错的一对：Jumatatu 里有"三"，却是星期一；Jumatano 里有"五"，却是星期三。把星期六当成一号就不会错。 · The trap: Jumatatu contains "three" and is Monday. Count Saturday as one and it resolves.

相对的日子 Days relative to today

斯瓦希里语往后数得比汉语远：汉语到"大后天"基本就停了，斯语还有一个单独的词指第四天。leo、jana、kesho、kesho kutwa 已在 Note 08 第六节出现，这里补齐两头。

Swahili names one more day ahead than English or Mandarin usually bother to. The middle four are in Note 08 §6; here are both ends.

Swahili	中文	English	以今天是 Jumatatu 为例 · if today is Monday
juzi	前天	the day before yesterday	Juzi ilikuwa Jumamosi.
jana	昨天	yesterday	Jana ilikuwa Jumapili.
leo	今天	today	Leo ni Jumatatu.
kesho	明天	tomorrow	Kesho itakuwa Jumanne.
kesho kutwa	后天	the day after tomorrow	Kesho kutwa itakuwa Jumatano.
mtondo	大后天	three days from now	Mtondo itakuwa Alhamisi.
mtondogoo	大大后天	four days from now	Mtondogoo itakuwa Ijumaa.

第四列的 ilikuwa / itakuwa 是 Note 08 第九节那个过去、将来的"是"；前缀 i- 因为省掉的主语是 siku（N 类）。现在时用不变形的 ni。 · Ilikuwa / itakuwa are the past and future "is" of Note 08 §9, with i- agreeing with the understood siku.

日期与年份 Dates and years

日期的顺序是 星期、日、月、年：Jumatatu, tarehe ishirini na sita, mwezi wa kumi, mwaka elfu mbili na ishirini na sita。日子用 tarehe；月份用序数——第一和第二是特殊词 kwanza、pili，从第三起就直接用基数：mwezi wa tatu、mwezi wa kumi na mbili。英语借词 Januari, Septemba, Oktoba 也通用。

The order is weekday, day, month, year. The day takes tarehe; months are ordinal, with kwanza and pili for first and second and the plain number thereafter. The English month names also work.

数字 / Number	Swahili	数字 / Number	Swahili
60	sitini	100	mia moja
70	sabini	700	mia saba
80	themanini	1,000	elfu moja
90	tisini	2,000	elfu mbili

年份从大到小读，最后一段前加 na：1776 是 elfu moja mia saba sabini na sita；2002 是 elfu mbili na mbili；2026 是 elfu mbili na ishirini na sita。

Years are read largest unit first, with na before the final part.

对话：放假和开学 Dialogue: the day school closes and opens

讲义 1.4 里 Samia 和 Chuma 比对两所学校的假期。对话里先后出现了日期、被动态（ilifungwa、itafunguliwa，见第四节）和"还没"（sijakuona，见第二节）。时间线是这样的：

In handout 1.4 Samia and Chuma compare their schools’ holidays. The timeline:

学校 / School	放假 / Closed	开学 / Reopens	假期长度 / Length
Chuma	Jumatano, tarehe 5, mwezi wa 12	Jumapili, tarehe 3, mwezi wa 1	siku ishirini na tisa · 29 天
Samia	Jumatatu, tarehe 9, mwezi wa 12	同一天 · the same day	siku ishirini na tano · 25 天

#	问 / Question	答 / Answer
1	Kati ya shule ya Samia na Chuma, shule gani ilifungwa kwanza?	Shule ya Chuma ilifungwa kwanza, siku ya Jumatano tarehe tano mwezi wa kumi na mbili.
2	Shule ya Samia itafunguliwa tarehe gani?	Itafunguliwa siku ya Jumapili, tarehe tatu mwezi wa kwanza mwaka kesho.
3	Chuma atafanya nini wakati shule imefungwa?	Chuma atakwenda kuwatembelea babu na bibi kijijini.
4a	Shule ya Samia ilifungwa kwa muda gani?	Ilifungwa kwa siku ishirini na tano, karibu wiki tatu na nusu.
4b	Shule ya Chuma ilifungwa kwa muda gani?	Ilifungwa kwa siku ishirini na tisa, karibu mwezi mmoja.
5	Wewe hufanya nini wakati wa likizo?	Mimi husafiri / hurudi nyumbani kuwatembelea wazazi wangu.

第 3 题别跟 Samia 搞混：Samia 要 kuwasaidia wazazi kazi za shambani，帮父母干农活。第 4 题的 kwa muda gani"多久"用 kwa 标持续时间，见 Note 08 第四节。第 5 题问句用习惯式 hufanya，答案也用 hu-（Note 08 第八节）。Mwaka kesho"明年"字面是"明天的年"，也常说 mwaka ujao。 · Item 3 is Chuma, not Samia. Kwa muda gani asks for duration. Item 5 is answered in the habitual because it is asked in it. Mwaka kesho, next year, alongside mwaka ujao.

练习卷 #2：A 和 B Practice sheet #2, parts A and B

以今天是 2026 年 10 月 26 日、星期一为例；个人题留空。

Worked as if today were Monday 26 October 2026; personal items are left blank.

#	问 / Question	答 / Answer
A1	Leo ni siku gani?	Leo ni Jumatatu.
A2	Kesho itakuwa siku gani?	Kesho itakuwa Jumanne.
A3	Jana ilikuwa siku gani?	Jana ilikuwa Jumapili.
A4	Kesho kutwa itakuwa siku gani?	Kesho kutwa itakuwa Jumatano.
A5	Mtondogoo itakuwa siku gani?	Mtondogoo itakuwa Ijumaa.
A6	Mtondo itakuwa siku gani?	Mtondo itakuwa Alhamisi.
A7	Juzi ilikuwa siku gani?	Juzi ilikuwa Jumamosi.
A8	Nyinyi mnajifunza Kiswahili siku gani?	Sisi tunajifunza Kiswahili siku ya ____ na ____.
A9	Wewe unafua nguo siku gani?	Mimi ninafua nguo siku ya Jumamosi.
A10	Wazazi wako wanakwenda sokoni siku gani?	Wazazi wangu wanakwenda sokoni siku ya ____.
A11	Nani wanaabudu Ijumaa? Wanaabudu wapi?	Waislamu wanaabudu Ijumaa. Wanaabudu msikitini.
A12	Wakristo wanaabudu wapi? Siku gani?	Wakristo wanaabudu kanisani, siku ya Jumapili.
A13	Nani wanaabudu hekaluni? Siku gani?	Wayahudi wanaabudu hekaluni siku ya Jumamosi.
B1	Leo ni tarehe ngapi?	Leo ni tarehe ishirini na sita, mwezi wa kumi, mwaka elfu mbili na ishirini na sita.
B2	Kesho itakuwa tarehe ngapi?	Kesho itakuwa tarehe ishirini na saba, mwezi wa kumi …
B3	Kesho kutwa itakuwa tarehe ngapi?	Kesho kutwa itakuwa tarehe ishirini na nane …
B4	Jana ilikuwa tarehe ngapi?	Jana ilikuwa tarehe ishirini na tano …
B5	Juzi ilikuwa tarehe ngapi?	Juzi ilikuwa tarehe ishirini na nne …
B6	Nyinyi mnajifunza Kiswahili siku ngapi?	Sisi tunajifunza Kiswahili siku ____ kwa wiki.
B7	Wewe ulizaliwa tarehe ngapi?	Nilizaliwa tarehe ____, mwezi wa ____, mwaka ____.
B8	Nchi yako ilipata uhuru tarehe ngapi?	以美国为例：Marekani ilipata uhuru tarehe nne, mwezi wa saba, mwaka elfu moja mia saba sabini na sita.
B9	Ulikuja chuo kikuu mwaka gani na utamaliza masomo mwaka gani?	Nilikuja chuo kikuu mwaka 2026 (elfu mbili na ishirini na sita) na nitamaliza masomo mwaka ____.
B10	Shule yako ya kwanza inaitwaje?	Shule yangu ya kwanza inaitwa ____.

A13：犹太会堂通常叫 sinagogi，但课上 hekalu（圣殿、庙宇）配的是 Wayahudi 和 Jumamosi；Wahindu（印度教徒）和 Wabudha（佛教徒）去的也是 hekalu。A11–13 的 nani wanaabudu 问"哪些人"，动词用复数。B6 问 siku ngapi（几天），B1 问 tarehe ngapi（几号），同一个 ngapi，一个问数量、一个问序号。B10 的 inaitwaje 用 i-，因为 shule 是 N 类；城市用 u-，见 Note 08 第十六节。 · A13: hekalu is any temple; the class pairing is Jews and Saturday. B6 counts days, B1 names the date. B10 agrees with shule; a city would take u-.

Two

还没：-ja-。

Not yet.

Note 08 第十节讲了完成体 -me-：已经发生、结果还在。它的否定不是给 -me- 加个否定前缀，而是整个换成 -ja-，意思是"还没"。Chuma 一见 Samia 就说 Siku nyingi sijakuona!——"很多天我还没见过你"，也就是"好久不见"。

Note 08 §10 introduced the perfect -me-. Its negative is not -me- with a negative prefix but a different marker altogether, -ja-: not yet. Chuma’s Siku nyingi sijakuona! — "many days I have not yet seen you" — is the ordinary "long time no see".

人称 / Person	已经 / Perfect	还没 / Not yet	中文
mimi	nimesoma	sijasoma	我还没读
wewe	umesoma	hujasoma	你还没读
yeye	amesoma	hajasoma	他还没读
sisi	tumesoma	hatujasoma	我们还没读
ninyi	mmesoma	hamjasoma	你们还没读
wao	wamesoma	hawajasoma	他们还没读

bado：答"还没"的那个词 bado

口语里被问"做完了吗"，最自然的回答是一个词：Bado，"还没"。要说完整句，bado 常跟 -ja- 连用，放在句首或句尾都行：

Asked whether something is done, the most natural reply is one word: Bado, not yet. In a full sentence it usually travels with -ja-:

问句用 -me-，否定回答用 -ja-，这个配对跟 Note 08 第二节的 -li- → -ku- 是同一类思路：否定换的是时体标记本身。 · Asked with -me-, denied with -ja-: as with -li- → -ku- in Note 08 §2, the negative replaces the marker itself.

单音节动词 One-syllable verbs

-me- 后面单音节动词带垫片 ku（nimekula、amekuja），到了 -ja- 后面标准语一般去掉：sijala（我还没吃）、hajaja（他还没来）、hatujaenda（我们还没去）。口语里也常听到带 ku 的 sijakula，两种都懂。

After -me- the one-syllable verbs keep ku; after -ja- standard usage drops it — sijala, hajaja — though sijakula is also heard.

市场对话里有一对现成的对照：Zuri 说 umesahau（你忘了——现在还忘着），Nia 答 nilisahau（我刚才忘了——这会儿已经想起来了）。-me- 和 -li- 的区别见 Note 08 第十节。

The market dialogue sets the two side by side: umesahau, you have forgotten; nilisahau, I forgot — and now remember.

Three

现在和过去的否定。

Present and past negatives.

三个时态的否定规则见 Note 08 第二节，将来时的板书和练习也在那里。这一节收另外两块板：现在时（wakati uliopo，"正在的时间"，u-li-o-po 来自 -po"在这里"）和过去时（wakati uliopita），再加一整页过去时的练习。

The rules and the future are in Note 08 §2. This section holds the other two boards — the present, wakati uliopo, "the time which is here", and the past, wakati uliopita — and a page of past-tense practice.

板书：现在时否定 The board: the present negative

肯定 / Affirmative	否定 / Negative	中文
Mimi ninatoka Kenya.	Mimi sitoki Kenya.	我不是从肯尼亚来的。
Wewe unakaa mjini.	Wewe hukai mjini.	你不住在城里。
Yeye anaandika barua.	Yeye haandiki barua.	他不写信。
Sisi tunakimbia mchana.	Sisi hatukimbii mchana.	我们中午不跑步。
Ninyi mnasoma sasa.	Ninyi hamsomi sasa.	你们现在不读书。
Wao wanaimba asubuhi.	Wao hawaimbi asubuhi.	他们早上不唱歌。

三步：换否定前缀，删 -na-，词尾 a → i。板书上三处值得多看一眼：hatukimbii 的两个 i 都要写（词根 -kimbi- 本身以 i 结尾，再加否定词尾 i）；haandiki 的两个 a 也都在（前缀 ha- 加词根 a-ndika）；-kaa 只换最后一个 a，成 hukai。 · Three steps: negative prefix, drop -na-, final a → i. Note the double i of hatukimbii, the double a of haandiki, and hukai, where only the last a changes.

板书：单音节动词 The board: one-syllable verbs

板书左边列着 kula, kuja, kunywa, kwenda，旁边写词根 -la, -ja, -nywa, -enda。现在时否定一律去掉 ku，只剩词根：

The board listed kula, kuja, kunywa, kwenda with their roots beside them. In the present negative the ku goes and only the root is left:

肯定 / Affirmative	否定 / Negative	中文
Yeye anakunywa maji kila wakati.	Yeye hanywi maji kila wakati.	他不总喝水。
Mimi ninakuja darasani kila siku.	Mimi siji darasani kila siku.	我不是每天来教室。
Wewe unakula mkate asubuhi.	Wewe huli mkate asubuhi.	你早上不吃面包。
Mimi ninakwenda sokoni sasa.	Mimi siendi sokoni sasa.	我现在不去市场。

Kwenda 的词根是 -enda，所以否定是 si-end-i，不是 *sikwendi。四个时态里 ku 的去留：现在否定去掉，过去否定和 -ku- 合一（sikula），将来照留（sitakula，Note 08 第三节），习惯式去掉（hula，Note 08 第八节）。 · The root of kwenda is -enda. Where the ku goes: dropped in the present negative and the habitual, merged in the past negative, kept in the future.

板书：过去时否定 The board: the past negative

肯定 / Affirmative	否定 / Negative	中文
Mimi nililala sana.	Mimi sikulala sana.	我没睡多少。
Wewe ulisoma jana jioni.	Wewe hukusoma jana jioni.	你昨晚没读书。
Yeye aliimba kanisani juzi.	Yeye hakuimba kanisani juzi.	他前天没在教堂唱歌。

把六个人称排全：

All six persons:

人称 / Person	过去 / Past	过去否定 / Past negative	单音节 / One-syllable (-la)
mimi	nilisoma	sikusoma	sikula
wewe	ulisoma	hukusoma	hukula
yeye	alisoma	hakusoma	hakula
sisi	tulisoma	hatukusoma	hatukula
ninyi	mlisoma	hamkusoma	hamkula
wao	walisoma	hawakusoma	hawakula

过去否定的词尾不变 -i，只有现在时否定才变。单音节动词那一列：过去否定的 -ku- 和不定式的 ku- 合成一个，所以是 sikula，不是 *sikukula；同理 hakwenda, hawakunywa, hamkuja。宾语中缀照旧留在原位：aliwafundisha → hakuwafundisha。 · Only the present negative changes the final vowel. In the one-syllable column the two ku collapse into one. Object infixes stay put.

讲义：过去时否定十六题 Handout: sixteen past-tense negations

#	原句 / Given	否定 / Negated
1	Shangazi alitengeneza chai ya asubuhi.	Shangazi hakutengeneza chai ya asubuhi.
2	Sisi tulipenda kuona simba.	Sisi hatukupenda kuona simba.
3	Wao walisoma vitabu vya Historia.	Wao hawakusoma vitabu vya Historia.
4	Ninyi mlirudi nyumbani jana usiku.	Ninyi hamkurudi nyumbani jana usiku.
5	Mwalimu aliwafundisha wanafunzi wengi sana.	Mwalimu hakuwafundisha wanafunzi wengi sana.
6	Rafiki yangu alikwenda sokoni juzi.	Rafiki yangu hakwenda sokoni juzi.
7	Sisi tulitembelea mji wa New York mwaka uliopita.	Sisi hatukutembelea mji wa New York mwaka uliopita.
8	Wao walicheza mpira baada ya darasa.	Wao hawakucheza mpira baada ya darasa.
9	Wanafunzi waliandika barua kwa mwalimu mkuu.	Wanafunzi hawakuandika barua kwa mwalimu mkuu.
10	Wakenya wengi walizungumza kuhusu siasa za Marekani.	Wakenya wengi hawakuzungumza kuhusu siasa za Marekani.
11	Wewe ulitaka kulala baada ya shule.	Wewe hukutaka kulala baada ya shule.
12	Wanafunzi walipiga kelele badala ya kusoma.	Wanafunzi hawakupiga kelele badala ya kusoma.
13	Watoto walitembea sokoni.	Watoto hawakutembea sokoni.
14	Wazee walikunywa maji mengi.	Wazee hawakunywa maji mengi.
15	Ninyi mlikuja chuo kikuu mwaka jana.	Ninyi hamkuja chuo kikuu mwaka jana.
16	Mimi nilikula mkate mwezi uliopita.	Mimi sikula mkate mwezi uliopita.

讲义没有写题目说明，标题 Wakato uliopita 应为 Wakati uliopita（过去时）；从和将来时那张板书配套来看，要做的是改成否定。这十六句和 Note 08 将来时那张练习纸是同一组句子换了时态，可以两张对着练。6、14、15、16 是单音节动词；5 有宾语中缀 -wa-。 · The heading should read Wakati uliopita; the task, by its pairing with the future board, is negation. These are the same sixteen sentences as Note 08’s future worksheet, in the past — practise them side by side.

练习卷 #2 D：用否定完整回答 Practice sheet #2, part D: answer in the negative

这一部分同时考两件事：三个时态的否定，加上"说话人换了，指向说话人的东西都要换"——ninyi 问的，sisi 答；wazazi wako 问的，wazazi wangu 答。答案一律以 Hapana, 开头。

Two things at once: negation in all three tenses, and the swap of everything pointing at the speaker. Every answer opens with Hapana.

#	问 / Question	否定回答 / Negative answer
1	Ninyi mlienda Kenya mwezi uliopita?	Hapana, sisi hatukwenda Kenya mwezi uliopita.
2	Wewe unajifunza Hesabu sasa?	Hapana, mimi sijifunzi Hesabu sasa.
3	Wazazi wako walipika chakula wikendi?	Hapana, wazazi wangu hawakupika chakula wikendi.
4	Wewe na rafiki yako mnalala maktabani badala ya kusoma?	Hapana, sisi hatulali maktabani badala ya kusoma.
5	Wazazi wako walitembelea mji wa New Haven juzi?	Hapana, wazazi wangu hawakutembelea mji wa New Haven juzi.
6	Watoto wa mwalimu wa Kiswahili wanakaa Columbus, Ohio sasa?	Hapana, watoto wa mwalimu wa Kiswahili hawakai Columbus, Ohio sasa.
7	Wewe unatoka sokoni sasa?	Hapana, mimi sitoki sokoni sasa.
8	Ninyi mnakula pizza wikendi?	Hapana, sisi hatuli pizza wikendi.
9	Wewe ulikuja darasani mwezi wa nane?	Hapana, mimi sikuja darasani mwezi wa nane.
11	Ninyi mnafahamu Kizulu?	Hapana, sisi hatufahamu Kizulu.
12	Wazazi wako wanajua kuandika Kijapani?	Hapana, wazazi wangu hawajui kuandika Kijapani.
13	Wewe na rafiki yako mlijifunza Kichina?	Hapana, sisi hatukujifunza Kichina.
14	Mwalimu wa Kiswahili anakaa Boston?	Hapana, mwalimu wa Kiswahili hakai Boston.
17	Binamu yako alimaliza masomo mwaka uliopita?	Hapana, binamu yangu hakumaliza masomo mwaka uliopita.
18	Wewe na rafiki yako mlikunywa chai kutoka Tanzania?	Hapana, sisi hatukunywa chai kutoka Tanzania.

卷子上题号跳过了 10、15、16。第 1 题的 mlienda 是口语形，标准形是 mlikwenda。第 11 题 fahamu 是阿拉伯借词，结尾不是 -a，否定时词尾不变；第 6、14 题的 kaa（住）是普通班图动词，-kaa → -kai。第 2 题的 jifunza 带反身中缀 -ji-，否定照样只改词尾：sijifunzi。第 12 题只否定第一个动词，后面的 kuandika 不动（Note 08 第二节）。 · The numbering skips 10, 15 and 16. Fahamu keeps its ending; kaa becomes kai. Only the first verb negates.

Four

被谁。

By whom: the passive.

被动态的构成只有一步：把词尾 -a 换成 -wa。施事者用 na 引出，相当于汉语"被"后面那个人。主语前缀跟着受事走——被关的是学校，所以是 shule 的 i-。

The passive is one step: final -a becomes -wa. The agent is introduced by na, and the subject prefix agrees with whatever undergoes the action.

主动 / Active	被动 / Passive	例 / Example	中文
funga 关	fungwa	Shule ilifungwa.	学校放假了（被关了）。
fungua 开	funguliwa	Shule itafunguliwa lini?	学校什么时候开学？
gawanya 分	gawanywa	Kenya imegawanywa katika kaunti.	肯尼亚被划分成若干县。
kula 吃	liwa	Mbuzi wote waliliwa na simba.	山羊全被狮子吃了。
ita 叫	itwa	Ninaitwa ____.	我叫 ____。
zaa 生	zaliwa	Nilizaliwa mwaka ____.	我生于 ____ 年。

-gawanywa 一家（-gawa、-gawia、-gawana）见 Note 08 第十六节。 · The -gawa family is in Note 08 §16.

元音结尾的词根 Stems ending in a vowel

词根在 -a 前面已经有一个元音时，中间要插一个 l：-ua → -uliwa（fungua → funguliwa），-aa → -aliwa（zaa → zaliwa），-oa → -olewa（toa → tolewa，被拿出）。单音节动词各有一个固定形：kula → liwa，kunywa → nywewa。

When a vowel precedes the final -a, an l is inserted; the one-syllable verbs have fixed forms.

被动也走所有时态 The passive takes every tense

被动只改词尾，前面的时态标记和否定照常：shule ilifungwa（被关了）→ shule haikufungwa（没被关）；itafunguliwa（将被打开）→ haitafunguliwa（不会被打开）；imegawanywa（已经被分）。N 类的否定前缀是 hai-（单数）、hazi-（复数）。

The passive changes only the ending; tense and negation work as usual. The N-class negative prefixes are hai- and hazi-.

一个词根，四种变形 One root, four forms

板书右边竖着一列：chelewa, chelewesha, cheleweka, cheleweshwa。-wa 只是动词后缀家族里的一个。同一个词根往后挂不同的后缀，意思就一步步转过去：

A column on the right of the board: chelewa, chelewesha, cheleweka, cheleweshwa. The passive -wa is one member of a family of verb extensions; each suffix turns the meaning one step:

形式 / Form	后缀 / Extension	中文	English
chelewa	—	迟到、晚了	be late
chelewesha	使役 -esha	使人迟到、耽误	make late, delay
cheleweka	状态 -eka	可以被耽误、拖得起	be delayable
cheleweshwa	使役 + 被动	被耽误	be delayed

这几个后缀前面零星见过：-isha / -esha 是 fundisha（使人学 = 教）里的使役；-ika / -eka 是 malizika（自己结束）里的状态；-ana 是 onana（互相见）里的相互；-ia / -ea 是 tembelea（去……拜访）里的施用（均见 Note 08）。i 还是 e 看词根元音：词根带 e、o 的用 e（chelewesha），带 a、i、u 的用 i（fundisha）。 · These have turned up one at a time: causative in fundisha, stative in malizika, reciprocal in onana, applicative in tembelea (all Note 08). Stems with e or o take the e-form; a, i, u take the i-form.

第二句值得拆开：kulala"睡觉"在这里是名词，作主语。不定式本身就是一个名词类（第 15 类），它的主语前缀是 ku-：ku-li-tu-chelewesha，"它-过去-我们-使迟到"。中间的 -tu- 是宾语"我们"，跟第二节 sijakuona 里的宾语"你"同一个位置。

In the second sentence kulala is a noun and the subject. The infinitive is a noun class of its own (class 15), with subject prefix ku-: ku-li-tu-chelewesha, it-past-us-make.late. The -tu- is the object us, in the same slot as the you of sijakuona in §2.

板书上 Mbuzi wote aliliwa waliliwa na simba 的那处改动，属于下一节要讲的事。

The correction on the board, aliliwa to waliliwa, belongs to the next section.

Five

全部、许多、别的。

All, many, other.

三个以元音开头的形容词词根：-ote（全部）、-ingi（许多）、-ingine（别的、另一些）。它们跟所有形容词一样要戴名词的类帽子，麻烦在于帽子以元音结尾、词根以元音开头，两个元音碰在一起会合并：a + i → e，a + o → o。所以是 watu wengi，不是 *waingi；wanafunzi wote，不是 *waote。

Three vowel-initial adjective stems: -ote, all; -ingi, many; -ingine, other. They take the class prefix like any adjective, and where the prefix vowel meets the stem vowel the two merge: a + i → e, a + o → o.

名词 / Noun	-ote 全部	-ingi 许多	-ingine 别的
watu (wa-)	watu wote	watu wengi	watu wengine
miti (mi-)	miti yote	miti mingi	miti mingine
maembe (ma-)	maembe yote	maembe mengi	maembe mengine
vitabu (vi-)	vitabu vyote	vitabu vingi	vitabu vingine
ndizi (N)	ndizi zote	ndizi nyingi	ndizi nyingine

这些形式在材料里到处都是：miji mingine（别的城市）、kazi nyingi（很多作业）、Wakenya wengi、maji mengi、siku nyingi sijakuona。-ote 那一列有个规律：前缀的辅音保留，元音换成 o——wa → wo、vi → vyo、zi → zo。单数的 mwingine（另一个）见 Note 08 第九节、第十六节。 · They are everywhere once you look. In the -ote column the consonant of the prefix stays and its vowel becomes o. Singular mwingine is in Note 08 §§9 and 16.

Six

饭桌与市场。

The table and the market.

怎么做的：名词 + -a + 动词 How it was cooked: noun + -a + verb

板书左边是一套烹饪方法。结构是 食物 + -a + 不定式，字面就是"煮的玉米""烤的鸡"。汉语把做法放在前面（烤玉米），斯语放在后面，中间用 Note 02 第五节那个连接词 -a 连起来，并且照样戴类帽子：mahindi 是 ma- 类，用 ya；nyama 是 N 类单数，用 ya；ndizi 在这里是 N 类复数，用 za。

The board’s left side is a set of cooking methods, built as food + -a + infinitive — "maize of boiling". The connector from Note 02 §5 wears the class hat: ya for mahindi and for singular nyama, za for plural ndizi.

Swahili	中文	English
mahindi ya kuchemsha	煮玉米	boiled maize
mahindi ya kuchoma	烤玉米	roasted maize
nyama ya kuku ya kuchoma	烤鸡	grilled chicken
nyama ya kuku ya kuchemsha	煮鸡	boiled chicken
nyama ya kuku ya kukaanga	炸鸡、煎鸡	fried chicken
ndizi za kupika	做菜用的香蕉	cooking bananas (matoke)
ndizi za kuchoma	烤香蕉	roasted bananas
ndizi za kuoka	烘烤的香蕉	baked bananas
ndizi za kuiva	熟透了直接吃的香蕉	ripe, eating bananas

Ndizi za kupika 和 ndizi za kuiva 在东非是两种不同的东西：前者是青的、淀粉多、要煮，后者是我们平时说的香蕉。Nyama choma（烤肉）是东非最有名的吃法之一，口语里连 ya ku- 都省了。 · In East Africa these are different fruit, not two states of one. Nyama choma, grilled meat, drops the ya ku- altogether.

wakati 和 kama wakati and kama

板书中间的问答：Wakati una njaa unakula nini?——Wakati nina njaa, (mimi) ninakula mkate / mahindi / kuku / mayai / ndizi. Midterm 卷上同一个问题用的是 kama。区别是：wakati 是"当……的时候"，讲的是每次都会发生的事；kama 是"如果"，讲的是一个假设。在"饿了吃什么"这种习惯性的问题里两个都通，回答的结构完全一样。饿和渴都是"有"出来的：nina njaa、nina kiu，否定 sina njaa（Note 08 第九节）。

Wakati is "when", for what happens each time; kama is "if", for a supposition. In a habitual question either works and the answer has the same shape. Hunger and thirst are things you have.

板书：在做什么，为什么 The board: what, and why

老师拿着一只塑料鸡腿和一个杯子演了两遍同一个问答，正好把 anafanya nini、kwa nini、kwa sababu 和"有"串成一条：

With a plastic drumstick and a cup, the same exchange twice over, chaining anafanya nini, kwa nini, kwa sababu and "have":

吃 · eating	喝 · drinking
Musa anafanya nini? Yeye anakula.	Waithera anafanya nini? Yeye anakunywa.
Kwa nini Musa anakula? Kwa sababu yeye ana njaa.	Kwa nini yeye anakunywa? Kwa sababu yeye ana kiu.
Wakati una njaa unakula nini? Wakati nina njaa, (mimi) ninakula mkate / mahindi / kuku.	Wakati una kiu, wewe unakunywa nini? Wakati nina kiu, (mimi) ninakunywa maji.

Kwa nini（为什么）字面是"为了什么"，回答用 kwa sababu（因为，"为了原因"），两个都带 kwa。Anafanya nini? 问的是此刻在做什么，所以用 -na-；问习惯用 hufanya。括号里的 mimi 可以省，因为 ni- 已经说明了是"我"。 · Kwa nini, literally "for what", is answered with kwa sababu, "for the reason". The bracketed mimi can go, since ni- already says who.

词汇：吃的、喝的、调料 Vocabulary: food, drink, seasoning

讲义的分类照搬。单复数不同的写成"单 / 复"。

Following the handout’s own categories; singular / plural where they differ.

vyakula vya wanga · 淀粉类 · starches
viazi · viazi vitamu	土豆 · 红薯	potatoes · sweet potatoes
ugali	玉米面糊	stiff maize porridge
mchele · wali · pilau	生米 · 米饭 · 香料饭	raw rice · cooked rice · spiced rice
tambi · pasta	面条 · 意面	noodles · pasta
matoke	煮青香蕉	cooked plantain
chapati · mkate	东非薄饼 · 面包	flatbread · bread
unga wa ngano	小麦面粉	wheat flour

稻 / 米 / 饭三分（mpunga / mchele / wali）见 Midterm Prep 第六节。Viazi vitamu 字面是"甜土豆"，vitamu 戴 vi- 帽子跟着 viazi。 · The rice triad is in Midterm Prep §6. Viazi vitamu is "sweet potatoes", the adjective agreeing in vi-.

nyama na vyakula vya protini · 肉和蛋白质 · meat and protein
nyama ya ng’ombe	牛肉	beef
nyama ya mbuzi	山羊肉	goat
nyama ya kuku	鸡肉	chicken
nyama ya nguruwe (kiti-moto)	猪肉	pork
nyama ya kondoo	羊肉（绵羊）	mutton
samaki	鱼	fish
yai / mayai	鸡蛋	egg / eggs
jibini	奶酪	cheese
maharagwe · njegere	豆子 · 豌豆	beans · green peas

ng’ombe 里的撇号表示 ng’ 是一个音，像英语 singer 里的 ng，不带后面的 g。Kiti-moto 字面是"热椅子"，是东非对猪肉和卖猪肉的小馆的俗称。Maharagwe 也写作 maharage。 · The apostrophe marks the single sound of English "singer". Kiti-moto, "hot seat", is the street name for pork.

mboga · 蔬菜 · vegetables
mboga	蔬菜（总称）	vegetables
boga	南瓜	pumpkin
mchicha · spinachi	本地苋菜 · 菠菜	local greens · spinach
kabeji · sukuma-wiki	卷心菜 · 羽衣甘蓝	cabbage · collard greens
karoti · biringanyi	胡萝卜 · 茄子	carrot · aubergine
tango / matango	黄瓜	cucumber
saladi · kachumbari	沙拉 · 番茄洋葱沙拉	salad · tomato-onion relish

Sukuma-wiki 字面是"推过一周"——便宜耐放，能撑到发薪日。 · Literally "push the week", the green that gets a household to the end of it.

viungo vya kupikia · 调料 · seasonings
kitunguu / vitunguu	洋葱	onion
nyanya	西红柿	tomato
tangawizi · manjano	姜 · 姜黄	ginger · turmeric
dania · iliki	香菜 · 小豆蔻	cilantro · cardamom
mdalasini · karafuu	肉桂 · 丁香	cinnamon · cloves
pilipili · pilipili-kali · pilipili-hoho	胡椒 · 辣椒 · 甜椒	pepper · hot pepper · bell pepper

Nyanya 的另一个意思是"奶奶"，见 Note 01 第七节。Karafuu 是桑给巴尔的招牌出口品。Viungo 本义是"关节、部件"，用在厨房里就是让菜"连起来"的东西。板书右边还写了 pilipili kich…，照片被截断了，大概是 pilipili kichaa，坦桑尼亚对小米辣一类特辣辣椒的叫法，字面是"疯辣椒"。 · Nyanya is also grandmother. Cloves were Zanzibar’s great export. Viungo means joints or components; in the kitchen, what pulls a dish together.

matunda · 水果 · fruit
tufaa / matufaa	苹果	apple
chungwa / machungwa	橙子	orange
chenza / machenza	橘子	tangerine
limau / malimau · ndimu	柠檬 · 青柠	lemon · lime
embe / maembe	芒果	mango
parachichi / maparachichi	牛油果	avocado
nanasi / mananasi	菠萝	pineapple
papai / mapapai	木瓜	papaya
pesheni / mapesheni	百香果	passion fruit
fenesi / mafenesi	菠萝蜜	jackfruit
ndizi	香蕉	banana

几乎所有水果都在第 5/6 类：单数不带前缀，复数加 ma-，跟 jina / majina 同类。Ndizi 是例外，N 类，单复同形。讲义把 tango（黄瓜）列在水果里。 · Nearly every fruit is class 5/6, like jina / majina. Ndizi is N class. The handout files the cucumber under fruit.

vinywaji · 饮料 · drinks
chai · kahawa	茶 · 咖啡	tea · coffee
maji · maziwa	水 · 牛奶	water · milk
juisi · soda	果汁 · 汽水	juice · soda
bia · mvinyo · pombe	啤酒 · 葡萄酒 · 酒（总称）	beer · wine · alcohol

Vinywaji"喝的东西"来自 -nywa（喝），跟 vyakula"吃的东西"来自 -la 是一对：动词加 vi- / vy- 就成了"……的东西"。 · Vinywaji from -nywa, as vyakula from -la: things for drinking, things for eating.

vitafunwa / vitamutamu · 小吃、甜点 · snacks and sweets
andazi / maandazi	东非炸面团	East African doughnut
sambusa	三角炸饺	samosa
vitumbua	米糕	rice cakes
keki · bisi	蛋糕 · 爆米花	cake · popcorn

讲义写作 andazi/mandazi；标准复数是 maandazi，mandazi 是常见的口语缩写。Vitamutamu"甜甜的东西"是 -tamu（甜）的叠用。 · Mandazi is the common contraction of maandazi. Vitamutamu doubles -tamu, sweet.

对话：去市场 Dialogue: going to the market

Nia 来 Zuri 家门口喊 Hodi hodi!——这是东非进门前的固定招呼，相当于"有人吗"，主人回 Karibu!。两家的饮食差异是整段对话的轴：

Hodi! is what you call at someone’s door; Karibu! is the reply. The two households’ diets are the spine of the dialogue:

	Zuri 家	Nia 家
肉 · meat	不吃肉 · hatuli nyama	牛肉、山羊肉、鱼 · 不吃猪肉
原因 · why	只吃蔬菜、水果和蛋	sisi ni Waislamu · 穆斯林
果汁 · juice	百香果、芒果、菠萝	牛油果、柠檬、橙子

#	问 / Question	答 / Answer
1	Ni familia ya nani hawali nyama?	Ni familia ya Zuri. Wao hawali nyama; wanakula mboga, matunda na mayai tu.
2	Zuri alitaka kununua vitu gani sokoni?	Alitaka kununua spinachi, nyanya, kabeji, vitunguu, matango, viazi, maharagwe, karoti, pilipili na unga wa ngano.
3	Familia ya nani hawali nguruwe? Kwa nini?	Familia ya Nia hawali nyama ya nguruwe kwa sababu wao ni Waislamu.
4	Taja tofauti za familia ya Nia na Zuri.	Familia ya Zuri hawali nyama, lakini familia ya Nia wanakula nyama ya ng’ombe, mbuzi na samaki. Familia ya Nia hawali nyama ya nguruwe. Zuri hutengeneza juisi ya mapesheni, maembe na mananasi, lakini Nia hutengeneza juisi ya maparachichi, malimau na machungwa.
5	Wewe na familia yako mnapenda nyama gani? Matunda gani? Mboga gani?	Sisi tunapenda nyama ya ____. Tunapenda ____ na ____. Tunapenda mboga kama ____.

第 4 题 Taja"列出"见 Note 08 第十七节。第 5 题问 wewe na familia yako mnapenda，答 sisi tunapenda。对话里还有 vitu vichache（几样东西，-chache 戴 vi- 帽子）、mara kwa mara（时不时）、tu（只、仅仅，放在名词后）。hatuli 是 -la 的现在时否定，单音节动词丢掉 ku，见 Midterm Prep 第三节。 · Taja is in Note 08 §17. The dialogue also has vitu vichache, a few things; mara kwa mara, now and then; and tu, only, placed after the noun.

Seven

学什么。

What you study.

讲义的问题是 Je, wewe unajifunza nini?——你学什么？-jifunza 和它那一家（fundisha、mwanafunzi、mafunzo）见 Note 08 第十二节。这里只讲学科名本身。

-jifunza and its family are in Note 08 §12. This section is about the names of subjects themselves.

Swahili	English	Swahili	English
Anthropolojia	Anthropology	Masomo ya Kiafrika	African studies
Bayolojia	Biology	Masomo ya maendeleo	Development studies
Biashara	Business	Masomo ya wanawake	Women’s studies
Dawa / uganga	Medicine	Matibabu ya watoto	Paediatrics
Dini	Religion	Mawasiliano	Communications
Elimu	Education	Mipango ya mji	Urban planning
Elimu ya watu wazima	Adult education	Muziki	Music
Elimu-mimea	Botany	Saikolojia	Psychology
Elimu-wanyama	Zoology	Sanaa · Sanaa za maonyesho	Arts · Theatre arts
Fasihi	Literature	Sayansi ya kompyuta	Computer science
Fizikia	Physics	Sayansi ya maktaba	Library science
Hesabu	Mathematics	Sayansi ya mazingira	Environmental science
Historia	History	Sayansi ya siasa	Political science
Isimu	Linguistics	Sheria	Law
Jiografia	Geography	Sosiolojia	Sociology
Jiolojia	Geology	Uandishi wa habari	Journalism
Kemia	Chemistry	Uchumi	Economics
Kilimo	Agriculture	Uhandisi	Engineering
Lishe	Nutrition	Uhasibu	Accounting
Usanifu majengo	Architecture	Utangazaji · Uuguzi	Broadcasting · Nursing

Masomo ya Kiafrika 里的 Kiafrika 用的是"……的方式、……的"那个 Ki-（Note 08 第十四节），不是语言。Elimu ya watu wazima 是"成年人的教育"，wazima 本义是"完整的、健全的"。 · The Ki- of Kiafrika is the manner Ki- of Note 08 §14, not a language. Watu wazima, adults, is literally "whole people".

练习卷 #2 C：用给定的动词回答 Practice sheet #2, part C: answer with the given verb

#	问 / Question	答 / Answer
1	Mama yako anapenda kufanya nini? (cooking)	Mama yangu anapenda kupika.
2	Rafiki yako anapenda kufanya nini? (running)	Rafiki yangu anapenda kukimbia.
3	Wewe na rafiki yako mnapenda kufanya nini? (dancing)	Sisi tunapenda kucheza dansi.
4	Wakenya wanapenda kufanya nini? (swimming)	Wakenya wanapenda kuogelea.
5	Watu wanafanya nini baada ya kazi? (sleep)	Watu wanalala baada ya kazi.
6	Ninyi mnafanya nini kabla ya kuja shuleni? (reading)	Sisi tunasoma kabla ya kuja shuleni.
7	Wanafunzi wanapenda kufanya nini? (writing)	Wanafunzi wanapenda kuandika.
8	Wewe unapenda kufanya nini baada ya shule? (walking)	Mimi ninapenda kutembea baada ya shule.
9	Wazazi wanafanya nini kila siku? (working)	Wazazi wanafanya kazi kila siku.
10	Wanafunzi wanapenda kufanya nini? (learning)	Wanafunzi wanapenda kujifunza.

Kucheza 本义是"玩"：kucheza mpira 踢球，kucheza dansi / ngoma 跳舞。问句里有 kupenda 的，答句就保留 -penda + 不定式；问句是 wanafanya nini 的，直接用动词作答。Kuogelea（游泳）来自 -oga（洗澡）+ 施用 -ea：在水里"洗"。 · Kucheza is "to play"; with dansi it is "to dance". Kuogelea, to swim, is -oga, to bathe, with the applicative.

Eight

词与短语。

Words and phrases.

只收 Note 08 词汇表里没有的。Kumbe, Alaa, Naam, ndugu 和 7 日、12 日两课的动词名词见 Note 08 第十八节。

Only what Note 08’s vocabulary does not already have.

感叹与回应 Exclamations and responses

Swahili	中文	English
Hodi! — Karibu!	有人吗？——请进！	Anyone home? — Come in!
Aisee!	哎呀、我说	I say! / Wow
Loo! · Eee!	天哪！	Goodness!
Oo kweli!	真的啊！	Oh, really!
Pole! · Pole sana	真遗憾、辛苦了	Sorry (sympathy)
Samahani	对不起	Sorry (apology)
Bila shaka	当然	Of course, definitely
Haya	好吧、那么	OK then
Twende!	走吧！	Let’s go!
Bado	还没	Not yet
mara kwa mara	时不时	now and then

Pole 不是"对不起、是我错了"，而是对别人的不顺表示体谅——别人说累了、病了、迟到了，就回 pole；Pili 听 Jengo 说累，回的就是 Pole sana。认错要用 samahani。Bila shaka 字面是"没有怀疑"。Twende 是 -enda 的虚拟式"我们去吧"。 · Pole is sympathy, not apology; for apology use samahani. Bila shaka is "without doubt". Twende is the subjunctive of -enda: let us go.

动词 Verbs

Swahili	中文	English	Swahili	中文	English
sahau	忘记	forget	nunua	买	buy
tengeneza	做、制作	make	saidia	帮助	help
fua (nguo)	洗（衣服）	wash (clothes)	abudu	礼拜	worship
kaa	住；坐	live; sit	fahamu	懂	understand
fika	到达	arrive	funga / fungua	关 / 开	close / open
chemsha	煮	boil	kaanga	炸、煎	fry
choma	烤	roast, grill	oka	烘烤	bake
iva	成熟	ripen	ogelea	游泳	swim
zungumza	谈论	talk, converse	pata	得到	get

名词 Nouns

Swahili	中文	English	Swahili	中文	English
likizo	假期	holiday	shamba	农田	farm
kijiji / vijiji	村子	village	tarehe	日期、号	date
mwezi / miezi	月；月亮	month; moon	mwaka / miaka	年	year
wiki	星期、周	week	uhuru	独立、自由	independence
msikiti	清真寺	mosque	hekalu	庙宇、圣殿	temple
sinagogi	犹太会堂	synagogue	Mwislamu / Waislamu	穆斯林	Muslim
Mkristo / Wakristo	基督徒	Christian	siasa	政治	politics
mwalimu mkuu	校长	head teacher	barua	信	letter
nguo	衣服	clothes	kelele	噪音	noise
simba	狮子	lion	mbuzi	山羊	goat
njaa · kiu	饥饿 · 口渴	hunger · thirst	vitu vichache	几样东西	a few things

Uhuru 在东非政治里分量很重：坦桑尼亚独立运动的口号是 Uhuru na Umoja（自由与团结），内罗毕还有一条 Uhuru 公路。Mwezi 一词两用，"月"和"月亮"，跟汉语一样。 · Uhuru carries weight in East African politics: Uhuru na Umoja, freedom and unity, was Tanzania’s independence slogan. Mwezi is both month and moon, as in Mandarin.

Nine

练习。

Drills.

钟点、国籍、hu- 的练习在 Note 08 第十九节。

Drills on time, nationality and hu- are in Note 08 §19.

一 — 推日子 One — count the days

假设 leo ni Alhamisi，说出 juzi、jana、kesho、kesho kutwa、mtondo、mtondogoo 各是星期几，用完整句。

If today is Thursday, name each relative day in a full sentence.

Juzi ilikuwa Jumanne.	Jana ilikuwa Jumatano.
Kesho itakuwa Ijumaa.	Kesho kutwa itakuwa Jumamosi.
Mtondo itakuwa Jumapili.	Mtondogoo itakuwa Jumatatu.

二 — 读日期 Two — read the date

1 Jan 2027	tarehe moja, mwezi wa kwanza, mwaka elfu mbili na ishirini na saba
9 Dec 1961	tarehe tisa, mwezi wa kumi na mbili, mwaka elfu moja mia tisa sitini na moja
12 Dec 1963	tarehe kumi na mbili, mwezi wa kumi na mbili, mwaka elfu moja mia tisa sitini na tatu

后两个日期分别是坦噶尼喀和肯尼亚的独立日（siku ya uhuru）。 · The last two are the independence days of Tanganyika and Kenya.

三 — 不、没有、还没 Three — does not, did not, not yet

每句先说用的是哪个标记，再写否定。

Ninakunywa maji.	Sinywi maji.	现在，单音节去 ku
Tunakimbia mchana.	Hatukimbii mchana.	现在，两个 i
Nililala sana.	Sikulala sana.	-lala 不是单音节
Nimekula.	Sijala. / Bado sijala.	-me- → -ja-
Amefika.	Hajafika bado.	-me- → -ja-
Tumemaliza kazi.	Hatujamaliza kazi.	-me- → -ja-
Nilikula.	Sikula.	-li- → -ku-，两个 ku 合一
Walikwenda sokoni.	Hawakwenda sokoni.	-li- → -ku-
Aliwafundisha.	Hakuwafundisha.	宾语中缀不动
Nimekuona.	Sijakuona.	ku = 你

四 — 改成被动 Four — make it passive

Simba alikula mbuzi.	Mbuzi aliliwa na simba.
Mwalimu alifunga mlango.	Mlango ulifungwa na mwalimu.
Watu watafungua shule.	Shule itafunguliwa.
Wanamwita Pili.	Anaitwa Pili.
Hawakufunga shule.	Shule haikufungwa.

Mlango（门）是第 3 类，所以前缀是 u-：ulifungwa。最后一句是 N 类单数的否定前缀 hai-。 · Mlango is class 3, hence u-. The last line uses the N-class negative hai-.

五 — 填 -ote / -ingi / -ingine Five — fill in all, many, other

watoto ___ (all)	watoto wote
maembe ___ (many)	maembe mengi
vitabu ___ (other)	vitabu vingine
ndizi ___ (all)	ndizi zote
miji ___ (many)	miji mingi
mbuzi ___ (all)	mbuzi wote — 动物按人
mkate ___ (whole)	mkate wote — 单数是"整个"

六 — 点一份菜 Six — say how it’s cooked

用"食物 + ya / za + 做法"说出：烤玉米、炸鸡、煮鸡蛋、烤香蕉、煮土豆。

mahindi ya kuchoma	ma- 类 → ya
nyama ya kuku ya kukaanga	nyama, N 类单数 → ya
mayai ya kuchemsha	ma- 类 → ya
ndizi za kuchoma	N 类复数 → za
viazi vya kuchemsha	vi- 类 → vya

七 — 讲一天 Seven — narrate a day

用至少八句话讲昨天：几点起床、吃了什么（说清做法）、几点到学校、上了什么课（用第七节的学科名）、几点回家。至少用到 Note 08 第六节连接词里的四个，并且至少有一句过去时否定、一句 -ja-。

Narrate yesterday in at least eight sentences — waking, eating (say how it was cooked), arriving, classes by their Swahili names, going home — using four connectives from Note 08 §6, one past negative and one -ja- form.