Kiswahili Midterm Prep
期中复习。
Preparing for the midterm.
期中模拟卷的七个部分，一部分一节：怎么把陈述句变回问句、单复数一起动的三样东西、否定的规则、从日出开始数的钟、饭桌上的问答、食物的词，以及在餐馆里点一顿饭。每一节先讲规则，再给卷子上的答案。
The seven parts of the practice midterm, one section each: turning a statement back into a question, the three things that move together when number changes, the rules of negation, a clock that starts counting at sunrise, questions at the table, the words for food, and ordering a meal. Each section gives the rule first and the worked answers from the paper after it.
卷子没出、但课上讲过、期中很可能考的东西也补在这里：数字怎么跟名词一致，否定句怎么改回肯定，星期和日期，hu- 习惯式，一份扩展词库。最后是一套全新的模拟卷 B，题型和原卷一样，答案折叠。详细讲解在 Note 08 和 Note 09。
What the paper did not ask but class covered and the midterm may well test is here too: number agreement, turning negatives back into affirmatives, days and dates, the habitual hu-, and a wider word bank. At the end is a fresh practice paper B in the same format, with answers folded. Fuller explanations are in Notes 08 and 09.
One Sehemu A
问，或者答。
Ask, or answer.
A 部分的指令是 jibu au uliza maswali——回答，或者提问。十道题里一半是问句，一半是陈述句。判断标准就在句末：有问号的，回答它；没有问号的，把它变回一个问句。
The instruction for Part A is jibu au uliza maswali — answer, or ask. Half the ten items are questions and half are statements, and the test is at the end of the line: if there is a question mark, answer it; if there is not, turn the statement back into a question.
把陈述变成问句只有一个动作：找到句子里的信息点，换成疑问词，其余原封不动。关键在于疑问词留在原位——斯瓦希里语不像英语那样把 what、where 提到句首。Rafiki yangu anapenda kusoma maktabani 变成 Rafiki yako anapenda kusoma wapi?，wapi 就站在 maktabani 原来站的地方。这一点跟汉语一模一样："他在图书馆读书"→"他在哪儿读书？"
Turning a statement into a question is a single move: find the piece of information, replace it with a question word, and leave everything else alone. The question word stays where the information was — Swahili does not front its question words the way English does. Mandarin works exactly the same way.
| Swahili | 中文 | English | 例 / Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| nani | 谁 | who | Rais wa Marekani anaitwa nani? |
| nini | 什么 | what | Jirani yako anapenda kula nini? |
| wapi | 哪里 | where | Rafiki yako anapenda kusoma wapi? |
| -ngapi | 多少 | how many | Rafiki yako hufanya kazi siku ngapi katika wiki? |
| gani | 哪个、什么样的 | which, what kind | Mwalimu Cosmas ni mtu wa taifa gani? |
| lini | 什么时候 | when | Ulikuja New Haven lini? |
| kwa nini | 为什么 | why | Kwa nini Musa anakula? — Kwa sababu ana njaa. |
| -je | 怎么样、怎样 | how | Unaitwaje? · Umeamkaje? |
| Je, …? | 是非问 | yes / no | Je, rafiki yako anapenda kusoma maktabani? |
Kwa nini 字面是"为了什么"，回答用 kwa sababu"为了原因"——问和答都带 kwa。-je 是贴在动词后面的后缀，unaitwaje 和 unaitwa nani 都是"你叫什么"。 · Kwa nini, "for what", is answered with kwa sababu, "for the reason". -je is a suffix on the verb.
两个最容易丢分的地方 Where the marks go
-ngapi 要跟名词一致。它是一个形容词，所以戴名词的类帽子：miaka mingapi，watu wangapi，vitabu vingapi，maembe mangapi；N 类名词什么也不加——siku ngapi、lugha ngapi。卷子上第 1 题和第 5 题正好一题一种。回答里的数字也一样要戴帽子，见第三节。Gani 则永远不变，跟在名词后面。
-ngapi agrees with its noun, and so does the number in the answer (§3). Gani, by contrast, never changes.
说话人换了，所有指向说话人的东西都要换。陈述句里的 rafiki yangu，你问出来就是 rafiki yako；问句里的 wazazi wako，你答出来就是 wazazi wangu；mwalimu wetu（我们的）问出来是 mwalimu wenu（你们的）。Wewe na familia yako mtafanya… 问的是"你们"，答案就是"我们"，tuta-。
When the speaker changes, everything pointing at the speaker changes with it. Yangu ↔ yako, wetu ↔ wenu; a "you all" is answered with a "we".
卷子上的十题 The ten items
个人信息题留了空，按自己的情况填。
The personal items are left blank to fill from your own life.
| # | 做什么 / Task | 答案 / Answer |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 答 answer | Nilizaliwa tarehe ____, mwezi wa ____, mwaka ____. Sasa nina miaka ____. |
| 2 | 问 ask | Rafiki yako anapenda kusoma wapi? |
| 3 | 答 answer | Mimi na familia yangu tutakula chakula cha jioni pamoja. |
| 4 | 问 ask | Rais wa Marekani anaitwa nani? |
| 5 | 答 answer | Wazazi wangu ni Wa____ na wanasema lugha ____, Ki____. |
| 6 | 问 ask | Rafiki yako hufanya kazi siku ngapi katika wiki? |
| 7 | 答 answer | Ninataka kusafiri ____ kwa sababu ____, mwezi wa ____. |
| 8 | 问 ask | Jirani yako anapenda kula nini? |
| 9 | 答 answer | Nilikuja New Haven mwezi wa ____ kwa ndege. |
| 10 | 问 ask | Mwalimu Cosmas ni mtu wa taifa gani na anasema lugha ngapi? |
第 1 题年龄的数字要戴 mi- 帽子，比如 miaka ishirini na minne（第三节）；日期的读法见第五节。第 5 题 lugha 是 N 类，说 lugha mbili，不说 lugha wawili。第 6 题的 hufanya 是习惯式，见第七节。第 7 题的 kwa na mwezi gani 应是 kwa nini na mwezi gani 的笔误，所以答案要交代去哪儿、为什么、哪个月。第 9 题的 kwa njia gani 问交通方式：kwa ndege（飞机）、kwa basi（巴士）、kwa gari（汽车）、kwa treni（火车）。第 10 题照着第 5 题的样子问。 · Item 1’s age takes mi- agreement (§3); item 5 is lugha mbili; item 6 is the habitual (§7); item 7 is presumably kwa nini; item 9 asks for the means of travel.
Two Sehemu B
一变多。
One into many.
在斯瓦希里语里，单数变复数从来不是只改一个词。名词的前缀、动词上的主语前缀、还有代词，三样东西一起动。漏掉任何一个，句子就不一致了——*Watoto analala 一眼就是错的。
Changing number in Swahili is never a one-word change. The noun prefix, the subject prefix on the verb and the pronoun all move together; miss one and the sentence no longer agrees.
| 单数 / Singular | 复数 / Plural | 说明 / Note |
|---|---|---|
| mtoto / mtu / mgeni | watoto / watu / wageni | 第 1/2 类，人 · class 1/2, people |
| mwalimu / mwanafunzi | walimu / wanafunzi | 元音前写 mw- · mw- before a vowel |
| mimi · ni- | sisi · tu- | 我 → 我们 |
| wewe · u- | ninyi · m- | 你 → 你们 |
| yeye · a- | wao · wa- | 他／她 → 他们 |
| si- / hu- / ha- | hatu- / ham- / hawa- | 否定前缀同样成对 · the negative row pairs the same way |
| kitabu | vitabu | KI-VI 类，东西 · class 7/8, things |
| mji / mkate | miji / mikate | M-MI 类，第 3/4 类 · class 3/4 |
| embe / swali | maembe / maswali | JI-MA 类，第 5/6 类 · class 5/6 |
动物形式上是 N 类，但动词照"人"来一致：Mbuzi wote waliliwa，见 Note 09 第五节。 · Animals take person agreement.
卷子上的十题 The ten items
| # | 原句 / Given | 改写 / Changed |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mtoto analala nyumbani | Watoto wanalala nyumbani |
| 2 | Mwalimu anafundisha | Walimu wanafundisha |
| 3 | Mimi ni Mwamerika | Sisi ni Waamerika |
| 4 | Mwanafunzi anaandika | Wanafunzi wanaandika |
| 5 | Mwanafunzi anasoma kitabu | Wanafunzi wanasoma vitabu |
| 6 | Wazazi wanakwenda sokoni | Mzazi anakwenda sokoni |
| 7 | Wasichana waliandika jana | Msichana aliandika jana |
| 8 | Sisi tunatoka Wingereza | Mimi ninatoka Wingereza |
| 9 | Wao hawajambo sana | Yeye hajambo sana |
| 10 | Mtu anasema Kisukuma | Watu wanasema Kisukuma |
第 9 题就是 Note 02 第一节那张 -jambo 六格表里的两格。第 5 题宾语 kitabu 不改也不算错，一起改更稳。第 3 题也可以写 Sisi ni Wamarekani，只要前后用同一套。 · Item 9 is two cells of the -jambo paradigm from Note 02 §1. Item 3 may also be Wamarekani.
什么不动 What does not move
带 -ni 的地点（nyumbani, sokoni, maktabani）、地名（Wingereza）、语言名（Kisukuma）、时间词（jana）——这些都不随主语变。N 类名词单复同形，所以 siku、lugha、ndizi 也不动，只有动词告诉你是几个。
Locatives in -ni, place names, language names and time words stay put. N-class nouns have the same form in both numbers, so only the verb tells you how many.
人、地、语 People, place, language
第 3、8、10 题背后是同一套前缀：U- 是国家，Ki- 是语言，M- 是一个人，Wa- 是一群人。词根只学一次，四个前缀轮流套上去。完整讲解见 Note 08 第十四节。
One root, four prefixes: U- for the country, Ki- for the language, M- for one person, Wa- for the people. The full treatment is in Note 08 §14.
| 国家 / Nchi | 语言 / Lugha | 一个人 / Umoja | 一群人 / Wingi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uchina / China | Kichina | Mchina | Wachina |
| Ujapani | Kijapani | Mjapani | Wajapani |
| Ufaransa | Kifaransa | Mfaransa | Wafaransa |
| Ujerumani | Kijerumani | Mjerumani | Wajerumani |
| Urusi | Kirusi | Mrusi | Warusi |
| Uhispania | Kihispania | Mhispania | Wahispania |
| Ufilipino | Kifilipino | Mfilipino | Wafilipino |
| Uingereza / Wingereza | Kiingereza | Mwingereza | Waingereza |
| Italia | Kiitaliano | Mwitaliano | Waitaliano |
| Marekani | Kiingereza | Mmarekani / Mwamerika | Wamarekani / Waamerika |
| Kenya | Kiswahili | Mkenya | Wakenya |
| Tanzania | Kiswahili | Mtanzania | Watanzania |
| Rwanda | Kinyarwanda | Mnyarwanda | Wanyarwanda |
| Usukuma | Kisukuma | Msukuma | Wasukuma |
三个例外 Three exceptions
本来就有名字的国家不加 U-。Marekani, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Italia 直接用。
Countries with a name of their own take no U-.
语言不一定跟着国名走。美国说 Kiingereza（英国的语言），肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚说 Kiswahili，没有 *Kikenya。
The language need not follow the country.
美国人有两套。白板上老师两条都写了：从 Marekani 来的 Mmarekani / Wamarekani，从 Amerika 来的 Mwamerika / Waamerika。两套都对，同一份答卷里只用一套。M- 碰到元音变 Mw-（Mwingereza、Mwitaliano），碰到 m 成 Mm-（Mmarekani）。
America has two roots; both are right, but keep to one within an answer sheet.
问国籍 Asking nationality
A: Wewe ni (mtu) wa taifa gani? — B: Mimi ni Mchina.
A: Unatoka nchi gani? — B: Ninatoka Uchina.
A: Unasema lugha gani? — B: Ninasema Kichina na Kiingereza.
你是哪国人？——我是中国人。你从哪个国家来？——我从中国来。你说什么语言？——我说中文和英语。
问"哪国人"时 ni wa taifa gani 最完整，口语也说 ni taifa gani。回答不跟着问句的形状走，直接用 M-/Wa- 的国民名词。 · The fuller question has wa; the answer uses the people-noun directly.
Three 卷子外 · Beyond the paper
数字戴帽子。
Numbers agree.
数字是形容词，所以跟 -ngapi 一样要戴名词的类帽子。但不是所有数字都戴：只有一到五和八是班图词根，会变；六、七、九、十以及二十以上的整十是阿拉伯借词，永远不变。卷子 A 部分第 1、5、10 题都踩在这上面。
Numbers are adjectives and agree like -ngapi — but only one to five and eight, the Bantu roots. Six, seven, nine, ten and the tens from twenty up are Arabic loans and never change.
| 人 · watu (wa-) | 树类 · miaka (mi-) | 东西 · vitabu (vi-) | ma- · maembe | N · siku, lugha | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mtu mmoja | mwaka mmoja | kitabu kimoja | embe moja | siku moja |
| 2 | wawili | miwili | viwili | mawili | mbili |
| 3 | watatu | mitatu | vitatu | matatu | tatu |
| 4 | wanne | minne | vinne | manne | nne |
| 5 | watano | mitano | vitano | matano | tano |
| 6 · 7 · 9 · 10 | sita · saba · tisa · kumi —— 不变 never change | ||||
| 8 | wanane | minane | vinane | manane | nane |
| 几 · how many | wangapi | mingapi | vingapi | mangapi | ngapi |
"一"跟单数名词走（mtu mmoja, kitabu kimoja）。N 类的"二"是 mbili：n- 加 -wili，见 Note 08 第五节。 · "One" goes with a singular noun. N-class "two" is mbili, n- + -wili.
复合数字只看最后一位 In compounds, only the last digit agrees
Nina miaka ishirini na minne，我二十四岁：ishirini 不变，最后的 nne 戴 mi-。Watu ishirini na watano，二十五个人；vitabu kumi na viwili，十二本书。最后一位是"一"时用单数形：miaka ishirini na mmoja，二十一岁。
Only the final digit agrees: miaka ishirini na minne; when it is one, the singular form, ishirini na mmoja.
序数和大数 Ordinals and large numbers
| Swahili | 中文 | 说明 / Note |
|---|---|---|
| wa kwanza · wa pili | 第一 · 第二 | 只有这两个是专门的词 · the only two special words |
| wa tatu · wa nne … | 第三 · 第四 | 从第三起直接用基数 · plain numbers from third on |
| mtoto wa kwanza · siku ya kwanza · mwezi wa kwanza | 老大 · 第一天 · 一月 | -a 跟着名词变 · the -a agrees |
| kumi na moja … kumi na tisa | 11 … 19 | |
| ishirini · thelathini · arobaini · hamsini | 20 · 30 · 40 · 50 | |
| sitini · sabini · themanini · tisini | 60 · 70 · 80 · 90 | |
| mia moja · mia mbili · mia tisa | 100 · 200 · 900 | mia 后面的数字不戴帽子 · no agreement |
| elfu moja · elfu mbili · elfu nane | 1,000 · 2,000 · 8,000 | Ni shilingi elfu nane · 八千先令 |
Mia 和 elfu 本身是名词，后面的数字按 N 类走：mia mbili, elfu mbili。年份和价格都用这一套，见第五节。 · Mia and elfu take N-class numbers.
Four Sehemu C
说"不"，再说回来。
Saying no, and back again.
卷子上写的是 kukubali au kukanusha，肯定或否定。这次十二个句子全是肯定句，所以全部要改成否定；但正式考试完全可能反过来，给否定句让你改回肯定。两个方向都要会。
The heading says affirmative or negative. This paper gave only affirmatives, but the real exam may well give negatives to turn back. Both directions matter.
第一条：换主语前缀 Rule one: swap the subject prefix
| 肯定 / Affirmative | 否定 / Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| ni- | si- | 我 · I |
| u- | hu- | 你 · you |
| a- | ha- | 他／她 · he, she |
| tu- | hatu- | 我们 · we |
| m- | ham- | 你们 · you (pl.) |
| wa- | hawa- | 他们 · they |
这正是 -jambo 那一套前缀，见 Note 02 第一节。 · The same row that builds the -jambo greeting.
第二条：处理时态 Rule two: handle the tense
| 时态 / Tense | 肯定 / Affirmative | 否定 / Negative | 怎么变 / What happens |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 present | ninasoma | si-somi | -na- 消失，词尾 -a → -i · -na- drops, final -a becomes -i |
| 过去 past | nilisoma | sikusoma | -li- → -ku- |
| 将来 future | nitasoma | sitasoma | -ta- 保留 · -ta- stays |
现在时词尾变 -i 只对以 -a 结尾的班图动词有效。阿拉伯借词结尾不是 -a，就原样不动：anasafiri → hasafiri，anafahamu → hafahamu。只换最后一个 a：unakaa → hukai，tunakimbia → hatukimbii（两个 i），anaandika → haandiki（两个 a）。
The final -a → -i applies only to Bantu verbs ending in -a; Arabic loans keep their ending. Only the last a changes: hukai, hatukimbii, haandiki.
第三条：单音节动词 Rule three: the one-syllable verbs
Kula, kunywa, kuja, kwenda 这几个动词词根只有一个音节，肯定句里靠 ku- 撑住重音。到了现在时否定，ku- 掉了；过去时否定，不定式的 ku- 和过去否定的 -ku- 合成一个（si-ku-la，不是 *si-ku-ku-la）；将来时否定照旧保留。
The one-syllable verbs keep ku- to carry the stress. In the present negative it falls away; in the past negative the two kus collapse into one; in the future it stays.
| 动词 / Verb | 现在否定 / Present neg. | 过去否定 / Past neg. | 将来否定 / Future neg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| kula 吃 | sili · hali · hawali | sikula · hakula | sitakula · hawatakula |
| kunywa 喝 | sinywi · hanywi · hawanywi | sikunywa · hakunywa | sitakunywa |
| kuja 来 | siji · haji · hawaji | sikuja · hakuja | sitakuja · hamtakuja |
| kwenda 去 | siendi · haendi | sikwenda · hatukwenda | sitakwenda |
Kulala（睡）是两个音节，不算单音节：silali, sikulala, sitalala。Sikula 是"没吃"，sikulala 是"没睡"，见 Note 09 第三节。 · Kulala has two syllables: sikula is "didn’t eat", sikulala "didn’t sleep".
其他几种"不" The other negatives
| 形式 / Form | 肯定 / Affirmative | 否定 / Negative | 规则 / Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| 是 be | Mimi ni Mkenya. | Mimi si Mkenya. | ni → si |
| 有 have | Nina njaa. | Sina njaa. | 只换前缀 · prefix only |
| 过去的有 had | Nilikuwa na kazi. | Sikuwa na kazi. | 跟过去时一样 · as the past |
| 将来的有 will have | Nitakuwa na kazi. | Sitakuwa na kazi. | 跟将来时一样 · as the future |
| 习惯 hu- habitual | Mimi hupata muda. | Mimi sipati muda. | hu- 没有否定，借现在时 · borrows the present negative |
| 完成 -me- perfect | Nimekula. | Sijala. · Bado sijala. | -me- → -ja-，"还没" · "not yet" |
hu- 见第七节和 Note 08 第八节；-me- 和 -ja- 见 Note 08 第十节和 Note 09 第二节。 · See Note 08 §§8 and 10 and Note 09 §2.
卷子上的十二题 The twelve items
| # | 原句 / Given | 否定 / Negated |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ninyi mnakula pizza kila wikendi | Ninyi hamli pizza kila wikendi |
| 2 | Wanafunzi wengi wanakuja shuleni kila siku | Wanafunzi wengi hawaji shuleni kila siku |
| 3 | Wakenya wanakunywa pombe sana | Wakenya hawanywi pombe sana |
| 4 | Mimi ninaenda sokoni Jumamosi | Mimi siendi sokoni Jumamosi |
| 5 | Mgeni anataka chai | Mgeni hataki chai |
| 6 | Sisi tulikwenda mjini | Sisi hatukwenda mjini |
| 7 | Wao watakula mkate | Wao hawatakula mkate |
| 8 | Nyinyi mtakuja nyumbani wiki ijayo | Nyinyi hamtakuja nyumbani wiki ijayo |
| 9 | Mimi nitamaliza kusoma kitabu leo usiku | Mimi sitamaliza kusoma kitabu leo usiku |
| 10 | Mwalimu alifundisha jana | Mwalimu hakufundisha jana |
| 11 | Wanafunzi walilala maktabani | Wanafunzi hawakulala maktabani |
| 12 | Wakristo watakunywa pombe kanisani | Wakristo hawatakunywa pombe kanisani |
Ninyi 和 nyinyi 是同一个词的两种拼法，卷子上两种都出现了。第 9 题只否定第一个动词，后面的 kusoma 不动。 · Two spellings of one word. Only the first verb negates.
反过来：否定改回肯定 The other direction: negative back to affirmative
把三条规则倒着做：先把否定前缀换回肯定前缀，再把时态标记还原。最容易错的是还原时漏掉的东西：现在时要把 -na- 加回来、把 i 改回 a；单音节动词要把 ku 加回来。
Run the rules backwards: restore the affirmative prefix, then the tense marker. The marks are lost on what has to be put back — the -na-, the final a, and the ku of one-syllable verbs.
| 否定 / Negative | 肯定 / Affirmative | 要加回什么 / What comes back |
|---|---|---|
| Mimi sisomi. | Mimi ninasoma. | -na- 回来，i → a |
| Wewe hukai mjini. | Wewe unakaa mjini. | kai → kaa |
| Sisi hatukimbii. | Sisi tunakimbia. | ii → ia |
| Yeye hasafiri. | Yeye anasafiri. | 借词，词尾不变 · loan, ending unchanged |
| Mimi sili nyama. | Mimi ninakula nyama. | 单音节：ku 回来 · ku returns |
| Mimi siji darasani. | Mimi ninakuja darasani. | ku 回来 |
| Mimi siendi sokoni. | Mimi ninakwenda / ninaenda sokoni. | 两种都对 · both accepted |
| Yeye hakuimba. | Yeye aliimba. | -ku- → -li- |
| Sisi hatukwenda. | Sisi tulikwenda. | 单音节：过去肯定要 ku · ku in the past affirmative |
| Mimi sikula. | Mimi nilikula. | 合一的 ku 拆成 -li- + ku · the merged ku splits back |
| Wao hawatakunywa. | Wao watakunywa. | 只换前缀 · prefix only |
| Mwalimu hajafika. | Mwalimu amefika. | -ja- → -me- |
| Sijala. | Nimekula. | -me- 后单音节要 ku |
| Sina njaa. · Si Mkenya. | Nina njaa. · Ni Mkenya. | si → ni |
反方向的三个坑 Three traps going back
一、hu- 开头不一定是否定。hukai 是"你不住"（否定），hukaa 是"平时住"（习惯）。看词尾：-i 是否定，-a 是习惯。
An initial hu- is not always negative. Final -i: negative; final -a: habitual.
二、现在时否定改回来默认用 -na-。hapati 既可能来自 anapata 也可能来自 hupata；没有上下文就写 anapata，句子里有 kila siku 之类表示习惯的词时也可以写 hu-。
The present negative goes back to -na- by default; hu- only where the sentence is plainly habitual.
三、-ja- 改回来是 -me-，不是 -li-。hajafika"还没到" → amefika"到了"，不是 alifika。
-ja- goes back to -me-, not -li-.
Five 卷子外 · Beyond the paper
星期和日期。
Days and dates.
练习卷 #2 整整一页都在练这个，期中很可能考。斯瓦希里的一周从星期六数起：星期五 Ijumaa（聚会日）是一周的轴，它之后的那天是 Juma-mosi"周一号"。详细讲解见 Note 09 第一节。
Practice sheet #2 spent a whole page on this. The week counts from Saturday, the day after Friday’s congregational prayer. Full treatment in Note 09 §1.
| Swahili | 字面 / Literally | 中文 | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jumamosi | 周 + 一 | 星期六 | Saturday |
| Jumapili | 周 + 二 | 星期日 | Sunday |
| Jumatatu | 周 + 三 | 星期一 | Monday |
| Jumanne | 周 + 四 | 星期二 | Tuesday |
| Jumatano | 周 + 五 | 星期三 | Wednesday |
| Alhamisi | "第五"（阿拉伯语） | 星期四 | Thursday |
| Ijumaa | "聚会日" | 星期五 | Friday |
记法：星期六是一号。Jumatatu 里有"三"，却是星期一。 · Count Saturday as one.
相对的日子 Days relative to today
| Swahili | 中文 | 以今天是 Jumatatu 为例 · if today is Monday |
|---|---|---|
| juzi | 前天 | Juzi ilikuwa Jumamosi. |
| jana | 昨天 | Jana ilikuwa Jumapili. |
| leo | 今天 | Leo ni Jumatatu. |
| kesho | 明天 | Kesho itakuwa Jumanne. |
| kesho kutwa | 后天 | Kesho kutwa itakuwa Jumatano. |
| mtondo | 大后天 | Mtondo itakuwa Alhamisi. |
| mtondogoo | 大大后天 | Mtondogoo itakuwa Ijumaa. |
ni · ilikuwa · itakuwa "Is" in three tenses
现在用不变的 ni；过去和将来借 -kuwa，前缀是 i-，因为省掉的主语 siku 是 N 类。所以问 Jana ilikuwa siku gani?，答也用 ilikuwa；问 Kesho itakuwa…?，答也用 itakuwa。别写成 Jana ni Jumapili。
Present ni; past and future borrow -kuwa with i-, agreeing with siku. Answer in the tense you were asked in.
日期、月份、年份 Dates, months, years
顺序是星期、日、月、年：Jumatatu, tarehe ishirini na sita, mwezi wa kumi, mwaka elfu mbili na ishirini na sita。日子用 tarehe；月份用 mwezi wa + 序数：mwezi wa kwanza（一月）、mwezi wa pili（二月），从三月起直接用基数（mwezi wa tatu … mwezi wa kumi na mbili）。英语借词 Januari, Septemba, Oktoba 也通用。
Weekday, day, month, year. The day takes tarehe; months are mwezi wa + ordinal; English month names also work.
| 年份 / Year | 读法 / Read as |
|---|---|
| 1776 | elfu moja mia saba sabini na sita |
| 1961 | elfu moja mia tisa sitini na moja |
| 2002 | elfu mbili na mbili |
| 2026 | elfu mbili na ishirini na sita |
从大读到小，最后一段前加 na。问年份用 mwaka gani?，问日子用 tarehe ngapi?，问星期用 siku gani?，问"几天"用 siku ngapi?。 · Largest unit first, na before the last part.
常用说法 Phrases
| Swahili | 中文 | English |
|---|---|---|
| siku ya Jumapili | （在）星期日 | on Sunday |
| kila Jumamosi · kila siku | 每个星期六 · 每天 | every Saturday · every day |
| wikendi · wiki ijayo | 周末 · 下周 | weekend · next week |
| mwezi uliopita · mwaka jana | 上个月 · 去年 | last month · last year |
| mwaka ujao · mwaka kesho | 明年 | next year |
| Nilizaliwa tarehe … mwaka … | 我生于…… | I was born on … |
Six Sehemu D
从日出开始数的钟。
A clock that starts at sunrise.
斯瓦希里的一天从天亮开始。东非在赤道上，一年到头大约早上六点天亮、傍晚六点天黑，所以早上七点走完天亮后的第一个钟头——saa moja，"第一点"。整套时间就是西式钟点减六（或加六，结果一样）。详细讲解见 Note 08 第四至七节。
The Swahili day begins at daybreak. Light comes at about six all year, so seven is the end of the first hour — saa moja. The system is Western time minus six, or plus six. Fuller treatment in Note 08 §§4–7.
考场上最快的办法：看钟面上对面的那个数字。时针指着 7，对面是 1，就是 saa moja；指着 10，对面是 4，就是 saa nne。
The fastest method in an exam: read the number on the opposite side of the clock face.
| 西式 / Western | Kiswahili | 西式 / Western | Kiswahili |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7:00 | saa moja | 1:00 | saa saba |
| 8:00 | saa mbili | 2:00 | saa nane |
| 9:00 | saa tatu | 3:00 | saa tisa |
| 10:00 | saa nne | 4:00 | saa kumi |
| 11:00 | saa tano | 5:00 | saa kumi na moja |
| 12:00 | saa sita | 6:00 | saa kumi na mbili |
问时间 Asking the time
A: Saa ngapi sasa? — B: Ni saa nne na nusu asubuhi.
A: Darasa litaanza saa ngapi? — B: Litaanza saa tano kamili.
现在几点？——上午十点半。课几点开始？——十一点整。
"在几点"不需要介词：Ninaamka saa kumi na mbili。表示持续多久用 kwa：Nilisoma kwa saa mbili，我读了两个小时；"从……到……"是 kutoka … mpaka …。 · No word for "at"; duration takes kwa; from … until … is kutoka … mpaka.
分钟 Minutes
| Swahili | 中文 | English | 例 / Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| kamili | 整点 | exactly, on the hour | 8:00 pm · saa mbili kamili usiku |
| na robo | 过一刻 | quarter past | 4:15 am · saa kumi na robo |
| na nusu | 半 | half past | 12:30 pm · saa sita na nusu |
| kasoro robo · kasorobo | 差一刻 | quarter to | 6:45 am · saa moja kasoro robo |
| na dakika ___ | 过 ___ 分 | ___ minutes past | 11:20 am · saa tano na dakika ishirini |
| kasoro dakika ___ | 差 ___ 分 | ___ minutes to | 2:36 am · saa tisa kasoro dakika ishirini na nne |
Kasoro 的意思是"缺"，kasorobo 是 kasoro robo 的连读。超过半点时一般向下一个钟点借，所以 6:45 是"七点缺一刻"，钟点要用下一个小时的斯语名——saa moja，不是 saa kumi na mbili。超过半点直接加分钟也算对。数字表见第三节。 · With kasoro the hour named is the next one. Numbers are in §3.
钟面练习里的三个常见错误 Three common errors
| 错 / Wrong | 对 / Right | 原因 / Why |
|---|---|---|
| saa saba na kasoro robo | saa saba kasoro robo | kasoro 是"差"，前面不加"加"（na） |
| saa kumi na thelathini na tano | saa kumi na dakika thelathini na tano | 十点以后钟点本身带 kumi na，分钟前必须用 dakika 隔开 |
| saa moja na nusu（标了 A.M.） | saa moja na nusu asubuhi | A.M. / P.M. 要落到时段词上 |
一天的时段 Parts of the day
斯语时间不说 am/pm，靠时段词区分。Saa mbili asubuhi 是早上八点，saa mbili usiku 是晚上八点。这张表和 Note 08 第六节统一。
There is no am or pm; the part of the day does that work. Aligned with Note 08 §6.
| Swahili | 中文 | 大致 / Roughly |
|---|---|---|
| alfajiri | 拂晓 | 4–6 am |
| asubuhi | 上午 | 6 am – noon |
| mchana | 中午、午后 | noon – 3 pm |
| alasiri | 下午 | 3–5 pm |
| jioni | 傍晚 | 5–7 pm |
| usiku | 夜里 | 7 pm – 4 am |
| usiku wa manane | 半夜 | around midnight |
边界有弹性：下午四点有人说 alasiri，有人说 jioni。考试按课上的分法；只要写了一个合理的时段词就不会全错。 · Boundaries are soft; follow the class division.
卷子上的十六题 The sixteen items
| 时间 / Time | Kiswahili |
|---|---|
| 6:45 am | saa moja kasoro robo asubuhi |
| 11:20 am | saa tano na dakika ishirini asubuhi |
| 12:30 pm | saa sita na nusu mchana |
| 4:15 am | saa kumi na robo alfajiri |
| 9:25 pm | saa tatu na dakika ishirini na tano usiku |
| 2:36 am | saa tisa kasoro dakika ishirini na nne usiku |
| 6:20 am | saa kumi na mbili na dakika ishirini asubuhi |
| 7:10 pm | saa moja na dakika kumi usiku |
| 4:00 am | saa kumi kamili alfajiri |
| 8:00 pm | saa mbili kamili usiku |
| 11:45 pm | saa sita kasoro robo usiku |
| 12:05 am | saa sita na dakika tano usiku (wa manane) |
| 4:20 pm | saa kumi na dakika ishirini alasiri |
| 6:00 am | saa kumi na mbili kamili asubuhi |
| 9:35 am | saa nne kasoro dakika ishirini na tano asubuhi |
| 1:49 pm | saa nane kasoro dakika kumi na moja mchana |
4:20 pm 按上面的时段表是 alasiri，写 jioni 也常听到（v1.0 写的是 jioni）。超过半点的三题也可以直接加分钟：2:36 am 是 saa nane na dakika thelathini na sita usiku；9:35 am 是 saa tatu na dakika thelathini na tano asubuhi；1:49 pm 是 saa saba na dakika arobaini na tisa mchana。 · 4:20 pm is alasiri by the table above; jioni is also heard. The three past the half hour can also be given with minutes added.
Seven Sehemu E
饭桌上的问答。
Questions at the table.
E 部分十题全是问句，全部要回答，规则就是第一节那一条：问的是 wewe，答的是 mimi，动词从 u- 换成 ni-。问"你和朋友"，答"我们"，tuna-。问 wazazi wako，答 wazazi wangu wana-。
All ten items in Part E are questions to be answered: asked with wewe, answered with mimi; asked about "you and your friend", answered with tuna-.
注意饿和渴的说法：斯瓦希里语不说"我饿"，说"我有饥饿"——nina njaa，nina kiu。所以否定是 sina njaa，按第四节"有"的规则走。
Hunger and thirst are things you have: nina njaa, nina kiu.
为什么、因为：板书上的问答链 The why-because chain on the board
| 吃 · eating | 喝 · drinking |
|---|---|
| Musa anafanya nini? Yeye anakula. | Waithera anafanya nini? Yeye anakunywa. |
| Kwa nini Musa anakula? Kwa sababu yeye ana njaa. | Kwa nini yeye anakunywa? Kwa sababu yeye ana kiu. |
| Wakati una njaa unakula nini? Wakati nina njaa, (mimi) ninakula mkate. | Wakati una kiu, unakunywa nini? Wakati nina kiu, (mimi) ninakunywa maji. |
卷子用的是 kama（如果），板书用的是 wakati（当……时）。在"饿了吃什么"这种习惯性问题里两个都通，回答的结构完全一样。 · The paper has kama, "if"; the board has wakati, "when". Either works here.
平时怎样：hu- The habitual
A 部分第 6 题的 hufanya 是习惯式，表示"平时、一贯"。它没有人称前缀，六个人称都一样，所以代词一般要说出来：Mimi hunywa chai asubuhi，我早上（一般）喝茶。问句用 hu- 问，回答也用 hu- 答。详见 Note 08 第八节。
The hufanya of A6 is the habitual: no subject prefix, the same for every person, so keep the pronoun. Asked in hu-, answer in hu-.
| Swahili | 中文 | 说明 / Note |
|---|---|---|
| Wewe hufanya nini wikendi? | 你周末平时做什么？ | 问 · question |
| Mimi husoma na hupika. | 我一般读书、做饭。 | 答 · answer |
| Mimi hula wali · huenda sokoni | 我一般吃米饭 · 去市场 | 单音节去掉 ku · one-syllable verbs drop ku |
| Mimi sipati muda. | 我（平时）没时间。 | 否定借现在时 · negative borrows the present |
卷子上的十题 The ten items
| # | 问 / Question | 答 / Answer |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kama una njaa unafanya nini? | Kama nina njaa, ninakula chakula. |
| 2 | Kama una kiu unafanya nini? | Kama nina kiu, ninakunywa maji au chai. |
| 3 | Wewe unakula nini asubuhi? | Asubuhi ninakula mkate na mayai, na ninakunywa chai. |
| 4 | Wewe unakula wapi mchana? | Mchana ninakula katika mkahawa wa chuo. |
| 5 | Wewe na rafiki yako mnakula na kunywa nini wikendi? | Mimi na rafiki yangu tunakula pizza na tunakunywa soda. |
| 6 | Chakula kikuu cha watu wa nchi yako ni nini? | Chakula kikuu cha watu wa nchi yangu ni wali na tambi. |
| 7 | Waamerika wanapenda kula nini siku ya Thanksgiving? | Waamerika wanapenda kula bata mzinga siku ya Thanksgiving. |
| 8 | Wewe unapenda kula nini jioni? | Jioni ninapenda kula wali, mboga na nyama. |
| 9 | Wewe unapenda kunywa nini? | Ninapenda kunywa chai. |
| 10 | Wazazi wako wanapenda kula na kunywa nini? | Wazazi wangu wanapenda kula wali na samaki, na wanapenda kunywa chai. |
答案内容可以换，结构不能换。第 4 题问 wapi，答案里必须有地点；第 6 题 tambi 是面条；第 7 题 bata mzinga 是火鸡。 · Swap the food freely; keep the structure. Item 4 must contain a place.
顺带：chochote In passing: chochote
"什么都行""我什么都不要"用 -o -ote，"任何的"，按名词类变形：kitu chochote，任何东西；mtu yeyote，任何人；mahali popote，任何地方；siku yoyote，任何一天。Unaweza kula chochote，你什么都能吃；Sitaki chochote，我什么都不要。
-o -ote, "any at all", takes the class of its noun.
Eight Sehemu F
食物的词。
Words for food.
| English | Swahili | 中文 | 单 / 复 · Sg. / Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|
| rice | mchele · wali | 米 · 米饭 | 见下框 · see the box below |
| mangoes | maembe | 芒果 | embe / maembe |
| banana | ndizi | 香蕉 | ndizi / ndizi (N) |
| oranges | machungwa | 橙子 | chungwa / machungwa |
| beans | maharage | 豆子 | 也写 maharagwe · also maharagwe |
| tea | chai | 茶 | N |
| orange juice | juisi ya machungwa | 橙汁 | 也说 maji ya machungwa |
| water | maji | 水 | 只有复数形 · plural form only |
| coffee | kahawa | 咖啡 | N |
| corn / maize | mahindi | 玉米 | hindi / mahindi |
芒果、橙子、玉米的复数都是 ma-：它们跟 jina / majina 同属第 5/6 类，见 Note 02 第五节。题目给的是复数，就写复数。 · Mangoes, oranges and maize sit in class 5/6 with jina / majina.
放在旁边看 Worth putting beside it
英语只有一个 rice。斯瓦希里语有三个：田里长着的是 mpunga，脱了壳的生米是 mchele，煮熟端上桌的是 wali。汉语切的位置一模一样——稻、米、饭。两种以稻米为主粮的语言各自独立地在同样的三个地方下了刀，而一种不以稻米为主粮的语言觉得一个词就够了。词汇的精细程度跟着生活走。考场上写 mchele 或 wali 都对，两个都写最保险。
English has one word for rice. Swahili has three — mpunga in the field, mchele husked and raw, wali cooked — and Mandarin makes exactly the same three cuts: 稻, 米, 饭. Two languages of rice-eating peoples drew the lines in the same places. On the paper, either mchele or wali is right; giving both is safest.
别写混 Do not confuse
kahawa 是咖啡，mkahawa 是餐馆——字面就是"卖咖啡的地方"，后来泛指一切小饭馆。两个词只差一个 m-，G 部分两个都要用到。nyanya 既是西红柿也是奶奶。
Kahawa is coffee; mkahawa, a café or small restaurant. Nyanya is both tomato and grandmother.
扩展词库 A wider word bank
正式考试的 F 部分几乎肯定换词。下面是课上出现过、最可能考的词；完整清单在 Note 09 第六节。
The real F section will almost certainly use different words. These are the likeliest; the full list is in Note 09 §6.
| English | Swahili | English | Swahili |
|---|---|---|---|
| food | chakula / vyakula | meat | nyama |
| bread | mkate / mikate | beef | nyama ya ng’ombe |
| maize porridge | ugali | goat meat | nyama ya mbuzi |
| potatoes | viazi (kiazi) | chicken | kuku · nyama ya kuku |
| sweet potatoes | viazi vitamu | pork | nyama ya nguruwe |
| noodles | tambi | fish | samaki |
| flatbread | chapati | egg / eggs | yai / mayai |
| flour | unga | cheese | jibini |
| vegetables | mboga | fruit | tunda / matunda |
| tomato | nyanya | apple | tufaa / matufaa |
| onion | kitunguu / vitunguu | pineapple | nanasi / mananasi |
| cabbage | kabeji | avocado | parachichi / maparachichi |
| spinach · greens | spinachi · mchicha | papaya | papai / mapapai |
| carrot | karoti | lemon | limau / malimau |
| pepper · chilli | pilipili · pilipili-kali | passion fruit | pesheni / mapesheni |
| milk | maziwa | sugar | sukari |
| juice · soda | juisi · soda | salt | chumvi |
| beer · alcohol | bia · pombe | drinks | vinywaji |
规律：水果几乎都是"单数无前缀、复数加 ma-"；ndizi, mboga, nyama, chai, sukari, chumvi 是 N 类，单复同形；maji, maziwa 只有 ma- 形。 · Fruit: bare singular, ma- plural. N-class words don't change. Maji, maziwa exist only in ma-.
怎么做的 How it was cooked
食物 + -a + 不定式，-a 跟着食物戴帽子：
Food + -a + infinitive, with the -a agreeing:
| Swahili | 中文 | 说明 / Note |
|---|---|---|
| mahindi ya kuchoma · ya kuchemsha | 烤玉米 · 煮玉米 | ma- → ya |
| nyama ya kuku ya kukaanga | 炸鸡 | N 单数 → ya |
| mayai ya kuchemsha | 煮鸡蛋 | ma- → ya |
| ndizi za kupika · za kuiva | 做菜用的香蕉 · 熟透直接吃的香蕉 | N 复数 → za |
| viazi vya kukaanga | 炸土豆 | vi- → vya |
| nyama choma | 烤肉 | 固定说法 · set phrase |
Nine Sehemu G
在餐馆。
At the restaurant.
G 部分要写一段 mteja（顾客）和 mwuzaji（店员）之间的对话。下面这段把前面几节的东西尽量都用上了：-jambo 问候、问句、将来时、食物的词、kitamu 的类一致、价钱的数字。
Part G asks for a dialogue between a customer, mteja, and the person serving, mwuzaji. The version below works in as much of the earlier sections as it can.
| Swahili | 中文 | English |
|---|---|---|
| Mwuzaji: Hujambo? Karibu! | 你好！欢迎！ | How are you? Welcome! |
| Mteja: Sijambo, asante. Habari za jioni? | 我很好，谢谢。晚上好吗？ | Fine, thank you. How’s the evening? |
| Mwuzaji: Nzuri sana. Unataka kula nini? | 很好。你想吃什么？ | Very good. What would you like to eat? |
| Mteja: Mna chakula gani leo? | 你们今天有什么吃的？ | What food do you have today? |
| Mwuzaji: Tuna wali, ugali, maharage, kuku wa kuchoma, samaki na chipsi. | 有米饭、乌伽黎、豆子、烤鸡、鱼和薯条。 | We have rice, ugali, beans, grilled chicken, fish and chips. |
| Mteja: Naomba wali, maharage na kuku, tafadhali. | 请给我米饭、豆子和鸡肉。 | Rice, beans and chicken, please. |
| Mwuzaji: Sawa. Na unataka kunywa nini? | 好的。想喝点什么？ | Fine. And to drink? |
| Mteja: Mna juisi ya machungwa? | 有橙汁吗？ | Do you have orange juice? |
| Mwuzaji: Ndiyo, tuna juisi ya machungwa na chai pia. | 有，还有茶。 | Yes, and tea as well. |
| Mteja: Nipe juisi ya machungwa, tafadhali. | 请给我橙汁。 | Orange juice, please. |
| Mwuzaji: Sawa. Chakula kitakuwa tayari baada ya dakika kumi. | 好的。十分钟后上菜。 | Fine. The food will be ready in ten minutes. |
| (Baadaye · 稍后 · Later) | ||
| Mteja: Chakula ni kitamu sana! Naomba bili. Ni shilingi ngapi? | 太好吃了！请结账。多少钱？ | The food is delicious! The bill, please. How much is it? |
| Mwuzaji: Ni shilingi elfu nane. | 八千先令。 | Eight thousand shillings. |
| Mteja: Hizi hapa. Asante sana. | 给你。非常感谢。 | Here you are. Thank you very much. |
| Mwuzaji: Asante, karibu tena! | 谢谢，欢迎再来！ | Thank you, come again! |
Kuku wa kuchoma：kuku 是动物，连接词按"人"用 wa；说 nyama ya kuku ya kuchoma 也对。 · Kuku is animate, so wa.
要背下来的几句 The lines worth memorising
| Swahili | 中文 | 说明 / Note |
|---|---|---|
| Mna chakula gani? | 你们有什么吃的？ | m- + -na，"你们有" · "you all have" |
| Naomba … (tafadhali). | 请给我…… | 最礼貌、课上最常用 · politest, the class default |
| Nipe … tafadhali. | 给我…… | 直接一些 · more direct |
| Ni shilingi ngapi? · Bei gani? | 多少钱？ | 两种都行 · either works |
| Naomba bili. | 请结账。 | the bill, please |
| Chakula ni kitamu. | 饭很好吃。 | chakula 是 KI-VI 类，形容词戴 ki- |
| Chakula kitakuwa tayari. | 饭会好的。 | 主语前缀也跟着类走 · the subject prefix follows the class |
| Hizi hapa. | 给你（钱）。 | pesa 是 N 类复数 · agrees with pesa |
让对话更像真人 Making it sound real
| Swahili | 中文 | 什么时候用 / When |
|---|---|---|
| Hodi! — Karibu! | 有人吗？——请进！ | 进门前喊，主人回 · at the door |
| Karibu chakula. | 一起吃吧。 | 请别人一起吃 · inviting someone to eat |
| Pole! · Pole sana. | 辛苦了、真遗憾 | 对方说久等了、累了 · sympathy |
| Samahani. | 对不起 | 认错、打扰 · apology |
| Sawa. · Haya. | 好的 · 好吧 | 答应 · agreeing |
| Nimeshiba. | 我吃饱了。 | -me-：状态 · a state |
多加一两句这样的话，对话就不止是"点菜—付钱"两步，评分时也更显得会用。 · One or two of these lift the dialogue beyond order-and-pay.
Ten Mazoezi B
模拟卷 B。
Practice paper B.
题型和原卷一样，题目全换了，覆盖本页新加的内容。先在纸上做完，再展开每部分的答案对。个人题按自己的情况答，答案里只给句型。
Same format as the original, all new items, covering what this page adds. Do it on paper first, then open each part’s answers. Personal items show only the pattern.
A. Jibu au uliza maswali
| # | 题 / Item |
|---|---|
| 1 | Wewe una ndugu wangapi na wanaitwa nani? |
| 2 | Mwalimu wetu anakaa New Haven. |
| 3 | Leo ni siku gani na ni tarehe ngapi? |
| 4 | Rafiki yangu ana vitabu vitano. |
| 5 | Wewe huamka saa ngapi asubuhi? |
| 6 | Wanafunzi wanajifunza Kiswahili kwa sababu wanataka kwenda Tanzania. |
| 7 | Kesho itakuwa siku gani? |
| 8 | Wazazi wa Juma ni Wakenya. |
| 9 | Wewe na familia yako mlikula nini jana jioni? |
| 10 | Bibi yangu alizaliwa mwaka elfu moja mia tisa hamsini. |
A 的答案 Answers to A
| 1 | Nina ndugu wawili / watatu …; wanaitwa ____ na ____. | wawili 戴 wa-；"一个"是 ndugu mmoja |
| 2 | Mwalimu wenu anakaa wapi? | wetu → wenu |
| 3 | Leo ni Jumatatu, tarehe ishirini na sita, mwezi wa kumi. | 按考试当天改 |
| 4 | Rafiki yako ana vitabu vingapi? | yangu → yako；vingapi 戴 vi- |
| 5 | Mimi huamka saa ____ asubuhi. | hu- 问，hu- 答 |
| 6 | Kwa nini wanafunzi wanajifunza Kiswahili? | kwa sababu → kwa nini |
| 7 | Kesho itakuwa Jumanne. | itakuwa 问，itakuwa 答 |
| 8 | Wazazi wa Juma ni wa taifa gani? | Wakenya → wa taifa gani |
| 9 | Sisi tulikula wali, samaki na mboga jana jioni. | 你们 → 我们；过去时 tuli- |
| 10 | Bibi yako alizaliwa mwaka gani? | yangu → yako；年份 → mwaka gani |
B. Badilisha katika uchache au wingi
| # | 题 / Item |
|---|---|
| 1 | Mgeni anakula ndizi. |
| 2 | Wanafunzi wanasoma vitabu. |
| 3 | Mimi ni Mtanzania. |
| 4 | Wao ni Wajapani. |
| 5 | Mzee hajambo. |
| 6 | Mwalimu alifundisha jana. |
| 7 | Ninyi mtakuja kesho. |
| 8 | Msichana anatoka Ufaransa. |
| 9 | Sisi hatuli nyama. |
| 10 | Mkenya anasema Kiswahili. |
B 的答案 Answers to B
| 1 | Wageni wanakula ndizi. | ndizi 不动（N 类） |
| 2 | Mwanafunzi anasoma kitabu. | vitabu → kitabu |
| 3 | Sisi ni Watanzania. | |
| 4 | Yeye ni Mjapani. | |
| 5 | Wazee hawajambo. | ha- → hawa- |
| 6 | Walimu walifundisha jana. | |
| 7 | Wewe utakuja kesho. | mta- → uta-，ku 保留 |
| 8 | Wasichana wanatoka Ufaransa. | 地名不动 |
| 9 | Mimi sili nyama. | hatu- → si- |
| 10 | Wakenya wanasema Kiswahili. | 语言名不动 |
C. Geuza katika kukubali au kukanusha
前八句是肯定，改否定；后八句是否定，改肯定。
Items 1–8 are affirmative, to negate; 9–16 are negative, to turn back.
| # | 题 / Item | # | 题 / Item |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mimi ninakunywa kahawa kila asubuhi. | 9 | Sisi hatukimbii mchana. |
| 2 | Wewe unakaa mjini. | 10 | Mimi siji darasani kila siku. |
| 3 | Yeye alikwenda sokoni juzi. | 11 | Wewe huli mkate asubuhi. |
| 4 | Sisi tutakula wali kesho. | 12 | Yeye hakuimba kanisani. |
| 5 | Wao wanaandika barua. | 13 | Wao hawatakunywa pombe. |
| 6 | Ninyi mlilala maktabani. | 14 | Ninyi hamsomi sasa. |
| 7 | Mimi nina njaa. | 15 | Mimi si Mkenya. |
| 8 | Kimeu hupata muda wa kupumzika. | 16 | Mwalimu hajafika bado. |
C 的答案 Answers to C
| 1 | Mimi sinywi kahawa kila asubuhi. | 单音节去 ku |
| 2 | Wewe hukai mjini. | kaa → kai |
| 3 | Yeye hakwenda sokoni juzi. | 两个 ku 合一 |
| 4 | Sisi hatutakula wali kesho. | -ta- 和 ku 都保留 |
| 5 | Wao hawaandiki barua. | 两个 a |
| 6 | Ninyi hamkulala maktabani. | -lala 不是单音节 |
| 7 | Mimi sina njaa. | "有"只换前缀 |
| 8 | Kimeu hapati muda wa kupumzika. | hu- 借现在时否定 |
| 9 | Sisi tunakimbia mchana. | ii → ia，-na- 回来 |
| 10 | Mimi ninakuja darasani kila siku. | ku 回来 |
| 11 | Wewe unakula mkate asubuhi. | ku 回来 |
| 12 | Yeye aliimba kanisani. | -ku- → -li- |
| 13 | Wao watakunywa pombe. | 只换前缀 |
| 14 | Ninyi mnasoma sasa. | ham- → m-，-na- 回来 |
| 15 | Mimi ni Mkenya. | si → ni |
| 16 | Mwalimu amefika. | -ja- → -me-；bado 删掉 |
D. Andika saa hizi kwa Kiswahili
| # | 时间 / Time | # | 时间 / Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7:15 am | 6 | 8:10 pm |
| 2 | 10:30 am | 7 | 11:55 pm |
| 3 | 1:00 pm | 8 | 12:30 am |
| 4 | 3:40 pm | 9 | 4:50 am |
| 5 | 5:45 pm | 10 | 6:05 am |
D 的答案 Answers to D
| 7:15 am | saa moja na robo asubuhi |
| 10:30 am | saa nne na nusu asubuhi |
| 1:00 pm | saa saba kamili mchana |
| 3:40 pm | saa kumi kasoro dakika ishirini alasiri |
| 5:45 pm | saa kumi na mbili kasoro robo jioni |
| 8:10 pm | saa mbili na dakika kumi usiku |
| 11:55 pm | saa sita kasoro dakika tano usiku |
| 12:30 am | saa sita na nusu usiku (wa manane) |
| 4:50 am | saa kumi na moja kasoro dakika kumi alfajiri |
| 6:05 am | saa kumi na mbili na dakika tano asubuhi |
3:40、5:45、4:50 都向下一个钟点借：16:00 是 saa kumi，18:00 是 saa kumi na mbili，5:00 是 saa kumi na moja。也可以正着数：3:40 pm 是 saa tisa na dakika arobaini alasiri。 · The three past the half hour borrow from the next hour; counting forward is also accepted.
E. Jibu maswali haya
| # | 题 / Item |
|---|---|
| 1 | Wewe hunywa nini asubuhi? |
| 2 | Kwa nini Waithera anakunywa maji? |
| 3 | Wakati una njaa, unakula nini? |
| 4 | Chakula kikuu cha Wakenya ni nini? |
| 5 | Unapenda nyama ya kuchoma au nyama ya kukaanga? |
| 6 | Wazazi wako hula nini siku ya Jumapili? |
E 的答案 Answers to E
| 1 | Mimi hunywa chai asubuhi. | hu- 问，hu- 答 |
| 2 | Kwa sababu yeye ana kiu. | kwa nini → kwa sababu |
| 3 | Wakati nina njaa, ninakula mkate na mayai. | una → nina |
| 4 | Chakula kikuu cha Wakenya ni ugali. | |
| 5 | Ninapenda nyama ya kuchoma. | 选一个，保留 ya + 不定式 |
| 6 | Wazazi wangu hula wali na kuku siku ya Jumapili. | wako → wangu；hula 没有 ku |
F. Andika maneno haya kwa Kiswahili
| # | English | # | English | # | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | meat | 5 | potatoes | 9 | pineapples |
| 2 | eggs | 6 | sugar | 10 | vegetables |
| 3 | bread | 7 | salt | 11 | fish |
| 4 | milk | 8 | avocados | 12 | onions |
F 的答案 Answers to F
| 1 · meat | nyama | 7 · salt | chumvi |
| 2 · eggs | mayai | 8 · avocados | maparachichi |
| 3 · bread | mkate | 9 · pineapples | mananasi |
| 4 · milk | maziwa | 10 · vegetables | mboga |
| 5 · potatoes | viazi | 11 · fish | samaki |
| 6 · sugar | sukari | 12 · onions | vitunguu |
题目给复数的（eggs、potatoes、avocados、pineapples、onions）就写复数。 · Plural in, plural out.
G. Mazungumzo sokoni
写一段至少十行的对话：你在市场上（sokoni）向 mwuzaji 买水果和蔬菜。要包括：Hodi 或问候、问有什么、问价钱、至少一个带数字的东西（比如三个芒果）、一句否定、道别。
Write a dialogue of at least ten lines buying fruit and vegetables at the market. Include a greeting, asking what there is, a price, at least one counted item, one negative, and a farewell.
G 的参考答案 Model answer to G
| Mteja: Hujambo, mama? | 您好，大妈？ |
| Mwuzaji: Sijambo. Karibu! Unataka nini leo? | 我很好。欢迎！今天要点什么？ |
| Mteja: Mna maembe? | 有芒果吗？ |
| Mwuzaji: Ndiyo, tuna maembe, machungwa na mananasi. | 有，有芒果、橙子和菠萝。 |
| Mteja: Embe moja ni shilingi ngapi? | 一个芒果多少钱？ |
| Mwuzaji: Ni shilingi mia tano. | 五百先令。 |
| Mteja: Naomba maembe matatu na nanasi moja. | 请给我三个芒果和一个菠萝。 |
| Mwuzaji: Sawa. Unataka nyanya pia? | 好的。还要西红柿吗？ |
| Mteja: Hapana, sitaki nyanya leo. Jumla ni shilingi ngapi? | 不了，今天不要西红柿。一共多少钱？ |
| Mwuzaji: Ni shilingi elfu mbili. | 两千先令。 |
| Mteja: Hizi hapa. Asante sana. | 给你。非常感谢。 |
| Mwuzaji: Asante, karibu tena! | 谢谢，欢迎再来！ |
maembe matatu、nanasi moja：数字戴 ma- 帽子（第三节）。sitaki 是现在时否定。jumla 是"总共"。按每个五百算：三个芒果一千五，加一个菠萝五百，正好两千。 · maembe matatu agrees in ma-; jumla is "in total".
Eleven
练习。
Drills.
一 — 换成问句 One — make it a question
找到信息点，换成疑问词，留在原位。
Find the information, replace it with a question word, leave it in place.
| Mama anaitwa Asha. | Mama anaitwa nani? |
| Ninakula wali. | Unakula nini? |
| Wanatoka Kenya. | Wanatoka wapi? · Wanatoka nchi gani? |
| Nina vitabu vitatu. | Una vitabu vingapi? |
| Nilikuja mwezi wa nane. | Ulikuja lini? · Ulikuja mwezi gani? |
| Ana njaa, kwa sababu hakula. | Kwa nini ana njaa? |
二 — 一变多，多变一 Two — singular and plural
| Mtoto anakula ndizi. | Watoto wanakula ndizi. |
| Wageni wanataka chai. | Mgeni anataka chai. |
| Mimi ni mwanafunzi. | Sisi ni wanafunzi. |
| Yeye hajambo. | Wao hawajambo. |
| Wewe unatoka wapi? | Ninyi mnatoka wapi? |
| Mwitaliano anasema Kiitaliano. | Waitaliano wanasema Kiitaliano. |
三 — 数字戴帽子 Three — make the number agree
| watoto (3) | watoto watatu |
| miaka (24) | miaka ishirini na minne |
| vitabu (2) | vitabu viwili |
| lugha (2) | lugha mbili |
| maembe (5) | maembe matano |
| siku (7) | siku saba —— 不变 |
| watu (21) | watu ishirini na mmoja |
四 — 全部否定 Four — negate everything
每句先说出用的是哪一条规则，再写答案。
Name the rule before writing each answer.
| Ninakula wali. | Sili wali. | 现在 + 单音节 |
| Anakunywa kahawa. | Hanywi kahawa. | 现在 + 单音节 |
| Walikuja jana. | Hawakuja jana. | 过去 + 单音节 |
| Tutakwenda sokoni. | Hatutakwenda sokoni. | 将来 |
| Anasafiri leo. | Hasafiri leo. | 借词，词尾不变 |
| Mimi ni Mkenya. | Mimi si Mkenya. | ni → si |
| Una njaa. | Huna njaa. | "有"只换前缀 |
| Mimi hupika kila siku. | Mimi sipiki kila siku. | hu- 借现在时 |
| Amefika. | Hajafika. | -me- → -ja- |
五 — 说回来 Five — back to the affirmative
| Hawali nyama. | Wanakula nyama. | ku 回来 |
| Hamkuja jana. | Mlikuja jana. | -li- + ku |
| Siendi sokoni. | Ninakwenda / Ninaenda sokoni. | |
| Hukai mjini. | Unakaa mjini. | i → a |
| Hatukusoma. | Tulisoma. | -ku- → -li- |
| Hajala bado. | Amekula. | -ja- → -me-，ku 回来 |
| Sikuwa na kazi. | Nilikuwa na kazi. |
六 — 推日子 Six — count the days
假设 leo ni Alhamisi，用完整句说出 juzi、jana、kesho、kesho kutwa、mtondo、mtondogoo。
| Juzi ilikuwa Jumanne. | Jana ilikuwa Jumatano. |
| Kesho itakuwa Ijumaa. | Kesho kutwa itakuwa Jumamosi. |
| Mtondo itakuwa Jumapili. | Mtondogoo itakuwa Jumatatu. |
七 — 看钟 Seven — read the clock
| 7:30 am | saa moja na nusu asubuhi |
| 3:15 pm | saa tisa na robo alasiri |
| 10:50 pm | saa tano kasoro dakika kumi usiku |
| 5:00 am | saa kumi na moja kamili alfajiri |
| 12:00 pm | saa sita kamili mchana |
| 4:35 pm | saa kumi na dakika thelathini na tano alasiri |
八 — 点一顿饭 Eight — order a meal
不看第九节，自己写一段至少十行的点餐对话：问候、问有什么、点吃的（说清做法）、点喝的、夸饭、问价、道别。每一行至少用一个本页出现过的词，至少用一次 Naomba。
Without looking at section nine, write an ordering dialogue of at least ten lines, saying how one dish is cooked and using Naomba at least once.